St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series V: Problems of History and Theory of Christian Art

On the territory of Northern Dalmatia in the 4th through the 6th centuries artistic trends of the Roman East and West intersected, thus complex forms were developed in local architecture, though, overall, its typological features were rooted in the late Antique architecture of the Adriatic cultural circle. There are types traditional for the given period as well as those representing local traits. Episcopal complexes, city cathedrals, and cemetery basilicas generally belong to the standard Adriatic types: single-aisle basilicas with one or three apses, single-nave basilicas with an inscribed apse, single-nave basilicas and double churches. Local phenomenon of transformation of burial memoria at villae rusticae into village parish churches is represented by a triconch type. Along with that the majority of basilicas of all types were established on the foundations of Antique structures.

Northern Dalmatia, Early Christian architecture, architectural typology, basilicas, triconches

1. Bradanović M. Nepoznati Omišalj. Katalog zbirke Lapidarij , pregled povij esti i kulturnopovij esni vodič gradića i okolice. Omišalj, 2002.
2. Domij an M. Rab u srednjem vij eku. Split, 2004.
3. Dyggve E. Povij est salonitanskog kršćanstva. Split, 1996.
4. Gunjača S. Cisterna starokršćanske dvojne baziliki na Srimi // Diadora. Glasilo Arheološkoga muzeja u Zadru. Sv. 13. Zadar, 1991.
5. Krauthajmer R., Ćurčić S. Ranohrišćanska i vizantij ska arhitektura. Beograd, 2008.
6. Marasović T. Dalmatia praeromanica. Ranosrednjovjekovno graditeljstvo u Dalmacij i. 2: Korpus arhitekture. Kvarner i Sjeverna Dalmacij a. Split – Zagreb, 2009.
7. Marasović T. Dalmatia praeromanica. Ranosrednjovjekovno graditeljstvo u Dalmacij i. 3: Korpus arhitekture. Srednja Dalmacij a. Split – Zagreb, 2011.
8. Novak N., Brožić A. Starokršćanski kompleks na Mirinama u uvali Sapan kraj Omišlja na otoku Krku // Starohrvatska prosvjeta, br. 21, Zagreb, 1996.
9. Peričić E. Samostan Svete Marij e u Zadru od njegova osnutka do danas // Kulturna baština samostana Sv. Marij e u Zadru. Zadar, 1968.
10. Petricioli I. Umjetnička baština samostana Sv. Marij e u Zadru // Kulturna baština samostana Sv. Marij e u Zadru. Zadar, 1968.
11. Suić M. Antički grad na istočnom Jadranu. Zagreb, 2003.
12. Vežić P. Dalmatinski trikonhosi // Ars adriatica. Časopis Odjela za povij est umjetnosti Sveučilišta u Zadru. 1/2011. Zadar, 2011.
13. Vežić P. Episkopalni kompleks u Zadru. Zadar, 2013.
14. Vežić P. Starokršćanska bazilika Sv. Stjepana u Zadru. Zadar, 1989.
15. Vežić P. Sveti Donat. Rotonda Sv. Trojstva u Zadru. Split, 2002.
16. Vežić P. Zadar na pragu kršćanstva. Zadar, 2005.

Voronova Ariadna

A great deal of research remains to be done on the architectural features of Holy Sepulchre complex in Jerusalem reestablished during the 12th century. The main target of this paper is the definition of stages of the building process that rarely received the focused attention they deserve. Yet architectural features of Rotunda Anastasis (11th century) and katholikon (12th century) have the potential to challenge our understanding of fundamental issues of historical inquiry, various processes of transmission, the working relationships between builders, patriarchs and patrons. Barring the Rotunda Anastasis, Byzantine Holy Sepulchre complex was in ruins by the early 12th century. The remains of the complex, built by Constantine Monomachos, were preserved and integrated into the structure of a new domed Crusader church, katholikon. It is archaeologically confirmed that during the process of the katholikon construction several chapels were moved, the eastern apse of the Rotunda was destroyed, the omphalos position was shifted to the west. The first phase of restoration work was carried out under Patriarch Arnulf of Chocques during the reign of Baldwin I; the second phase — under patriarch William of Malines during the reign of Melisenda. It’s still unknown what the first version of the katholikon’s plan was and which fragments had been erected under Patriarch Arnulf. It is also not clear if there were differences between the first and the second version of the plan during the reign of Baldwin I and the reign of Melisenda.

Holy Land, Holy Sepulchre, Crusader Architecture, Levant Architecture, Rotunda Anastasis, Holy Sepulchre katholikon

1. Beliaev L. A. Khram Groba Gospodnia (Voskreseniia Khristova), Khram v Ierusalime // Pravoslavnaia entsiklopediia. URL: www.pravenc.ru/text/168155.html (data obrashcheniia: 16.01.2016).
2. Avril F. et al. Le Temps des Croisades. P., 1982.
3. Bahat D. Carta’s historical atlas of Jerusalem: an illustrated survey. Jerusalem, 1976.
4. Bahat D. Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus? // Biblical Archeology Review. 1986. Vol. XII. P. 26–45.
5. Biddle M. Jerusalem: The Tomb of Christ // Current Archaeology, 11. 1991. P. 107–112.
6. Biddle M. The Tomb of Criste // The Illustrated London News. 1990. P. 83–86.
7. Boase T. S. R. Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria // A History of the Crusades. 1977. № IV. P. 77. Figure 2.
8. Borg A. Lection “The Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem”. London, 1977. [не опубликована] // Folda J. The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land… P. 213, 226–227, 533 [nt. 18], 535 [nt. 27, 31], 536–538 [nt. 35, 40, 44, 49, 52, 56], 539–540 [nt. 76, 77, 79, 80], 543 [nt. 108].
9. Borg A. Observations on the Historiated Lintel of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem // Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 1969. P. 25–40.
10. Borg A. The Holy Sepulchre Lintel // Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Fergusson. 1972. № 35. P. 389–390.
11. Buschhausen H. Die Fassade der Grabeskirche zu Jerusalem // Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century. 1982. P. 85–86 [nt. 11].
12. Buschhausen H. Die sьditalienische Bauplastik im Kцnigreich Jerusalem von Kцnig Wilhelm II. Wien, 1978.
13. Clapham A. W., Newnum E. G. The Church and Priory of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem // The Antiquaries Journal. 1921. Vol. I. Pl. 1. P.
14. Conant K. J. Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture: 800–1200. Baltimore, 1966.
15. Corbo V. C. Il Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme. Aspetti archeologici dalle origini al periodo crociato. Jerusalem, 1981–1982. 3 vols.
16. Corbo V. C. Richerche Archeologiche Al Monte Degli Ulivi. Jerusalem, 1965.
17. Couasnon Ch. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Jerusalem, 1972; L., 1974.
18. Durliat M. L’Art Roman. P., 1982.
19. Enlart C. Les Monuments des Croises dans le Royaume de Jerusalem: Architecture religieuse et civile. P., 1925–1928. 2 vols and album.
20. Focillon H. The Art of the West, I, Romanesque Art. L., 1963.
21. Folda J. The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187. Cambridge University Рress, 1995.
22. Folda J. The Church of Saint Anne // The Biblical Archaeologist. 1991. Vol. 54, № 2. P. 88– 96.
23. Freeman-Grenville G. S. P. The Basilica of Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: History and Future // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1987. P. 187.
24. Harvey W. Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem; Structural Survey, Final Report. L., 1935.
25. Katsimbinis C. The Uncovering of the Eastern Side of the Hill of Calvary and Its Base: New Lay-out of the Area of the Canons’ Refectory by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate // Liber Annuus, 27. 1977. P. 197–208.
26. Kenaan N. Symbolic Meaning in Crusader Architecture // Cahiers Archeologiques. 1986. № 34. P. 109–117.
27. Krautheimer R. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. Baltimore, 1986.
28. Krautheimer R. Introduction to an ‘Iconography’ // Journal of the Courtald and Warburg Institutes. 1942. P. 1–33.
29. Kubach H. E. Romanesque Architecture. N. Y., 1975.
30. Kuhnel B. From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem: Representations of the Holy City in Christian Art of the First Millenium. Rome, 1987.
31. Lehmann K. The Dome of Heaven // The Art Bulletin. 1945. № 27. P. 1–27.
32. Lyman T. The Counts of Toulouse, the Reformed Canons, and the Holy Sepulcher // The Horns of Hattin. 1992. P. 69–73.
33. Lyman T. W. The Counts of Toulouse, the Reformed Canons and the Holy Sepulcher // The Horns of Hattin. 1992. P. 63–80.
34. Mango C. The art of the Byzantine Empire, 312–1453. Toronto; Buff alo; L., 1986. Ousterhout R. Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones of the Holy Sepulchre // Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 2003. Vol. 62, № 1. P. 4–23.
35. Ousterhout R. Il Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme. Aspetti archeologici dalle origine al periodo crociato by Virgilio C. Corbo // Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 1984. Vol. XLIII. P. 266–267.
36. Ousterhout R. Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre // Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 1989. Vol. 48, № 1. P. 66–78.
37. Ousterhout R. The Church of Santo Stefano: A ‘Jerusalem’ in Bologna // Gesta. 1981. Vol. 20, № 2. P. 311–321.
38. Ousterhout R. The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior // Gesta. 1990. Vol. 29, № 1. P. 44–53.
39. Prawer J. The Crusaders' Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages. N. Y., 1972.
40. Prawer J. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Age. L., 1973.
41. Pringle D. The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus. Cambridge. 1993–2008. Vols. 1–4.
42. Schmaltz K. Mater Ecclesiarum: Die Grabeskirche in Jerusalem. Leipzig, 1984. Smith E. B. The Dome of Heaven. Princeton, 1950.
43. Vincent L.-H., Abel F. M. Jerusalem: Recherche de Topographie, d’Archeologie et d’Histoire. P., 1914. Vol. II. Fascs. I and II; P., 1922. Fasc. III; P., 1926. Fasc. IV.
44. Voguе M., de. Les Eglises de la Terre Sainte. Toronto and Buffalo, 1973.
45. Wilkinson J. Jerusalem pilgrims before the Crusades. Warminster, 1977.
46. Wilkinson J. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre // Archaeology. Vol. 31, № 4. P. 6–13.
47. Wilkinson J., Hill J., Ryan W. F. Jerusalem pilgrimage, 1099–1185. L., 1988.
48. Zarnecki G. Art of the Medieval World. N. Y., 1975. P. 330–333.

Lavrent'eva Elena

The article is devoted to the analysis of several iconographic features of the fresco composition «The Heavenly Court» (1340) in the Assumption church of the Treskavac monastery in view of the imperial topics which were widely in the Serbian monumental painting of the 14th century. By the end of the 13th century Serbia had entered into a new phase of its history which was later called the «imperial period» (late 13th — middle 14th cc.). Serbian rulers conquered several Byzantine territories and significantly expanded the borders of the Serbian state. The region of Macedonia where Treskavec monastery is situated was taken over from Byzantium by the Serbian king Stefan Dushan (1308–1355) — the ktetor of the fresco painting of the Assumption church. Two important historical events took place during Dushan’s government — the proclamation of the Serbian patriarchy and the coronation of the Serbian king as the tsar. Both events happened in contravention of Constantinople’s authority. The political strengthening of Serbia and growing of Dushan’s political ambitions brought to the fore the imperial issues in the regional art. In this article the author proposes a hypothesis about the impact of Dushan’s «imperial idea» on the iconography of the scene «The Heavenly Court». The latter is not a unique example and should be analyzed in context with other fresco compositions that appeared under the influence of the imperial ideology during that period.

medieval monumental painting, iconography, «The Heavenly Court», Stefan Dushan, Serbia, Treskavac monastery, imperial topics, Byzantium, «Royal Deesis», Macedonian painting

1. Babik. B. Manastirot Treskavets so tsrkvata Sv. Uspenie Bogorodichino // Spomenitse za srednovekovnata i ponovata istorija na Makedonija. Skopje, 1981. T. IV. P. 37–52.
2. Bel'ting Kh. Obraz i kul't. Istoriia obraza do epokhi iskusstva. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2002.
3. Beliaev D. F. BYZANTINA: Ocherki, materialy i zametki po vizantiiskim drevnostiam. Kn. 1: Obzor glavnykh chastei Bol'shogo Dvortsa vizantiiskikh tsarei. Saint-Petersburg: Tip. Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, 1891.
4. Vasil'ev A. A. Istoriia Vizantiiskoi imperii. Saint-Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2013.
5. Grabar A. Imperator v vizantiiskom iskusstve. Moscow: Nauchno-izdatel'skii tsentr ≪Ladomir≫, 2000.
6. Grozdanov Ts. Iz ikonografije Markov manastira // Zograf. 1980. № 11. P. 83–93.
7. Grozdanov Ts. Isus Khristos — Tsar nad Tsarevite vo zhivopisot na okhridskata arkhiepiskopija od XV–XVII vek // Prilozi. 1999. MANU XXX 1–2. P. 333–357.
8. Grozdanov Ts. Khristos Tsar, Bogoroditsa Tsaritsa, nebesnite sili i svetite voini vo zhivopisot od XIV i od XV vek vo Treskavets // Kulturno nasledstvo. 1988. № XII–XIII. P. 5–20.
9. Dzhurich V. Vizantiiskie freski. Srednevekovaia Serbiia, Dalmatsiia, slavianskaia Makedoniia. Moscow: Indrik, 2000.
10. Ђuriiћ V. J. Tri dogaђaja u srpskoj drzhavi XIV veka i њikhov odjek u slikarstvu // Zbornik za likovne umetnosti. 1968. № 4. P. 66–115.
11. Zholive-Levi K. Obraz vlasti v iskusstve Makedonskoi dinastii. 867–1056 // Vizantiiskii vremennik. 1988. T. 49. P. 143–161.
12. Metokhit T. Na dvoru srpskog kraљa Milutina. Beograd, Mladost Turist Itaka, 1998.
13. Mijoviћ P. Menolog. Beograd, 1973.
14. Mijoviћ P. Tsarska ikonografija u srpskoj sredњovekovnoj umetnosti // Starinar. 1968. № XVIII. P. 103–117.
15. Radovanoviћ J. Jedinstvo nebeske i zemaљske tserkve u srpskom slikarstvu sredњeg veka ili likovi zhivykh љudi na freskama i ikonama sredњeg veka // Zbornik za likovne umetnosti. 1964. № 20. Novi Sad. P. 47–68.
16. Radojchiћ S. Minkhenski srpski psaltir // Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta. 1963. T. VII/1. P. 215–226.
17. Radojchiћ S. Staro srpsko slikarstvo. Novi Sad: Akademska kњiga, 2010.
18. Slaveva L., Moshin V. Gramotite na Stefan Dushan za manastirot Treskavets // Spomenitse za srednovekovnata i ponovata istorija na Makedonija. Skopje. 1981. T. IV. P. 55–67.
19. Smolchiћ-Makuљeviћ S. Manastir Treskavats u 15. veku i program zidnog slikarstva naosa tsrkve Bogorodichinog Uspeњa // Zbornik Matitse srpske za likovne umetnosti. 2009. № 37. P. 43–79.
20. Smolchiћ-Makuљeviћ S. Tsarski deisis i Nebeski dvor u slikarstvu XIV veka manasti- ra Treskavats. Ikonografski program severne kupole priprate tsrkve Bogorodichnog Uspeњa // Treћa jugoslovenska konferentsija vizantologa. Krushevats 10–13. maj 2000. Studije i monografije / L. Maksimoviћ, N. Radosheviћ, E. Raduloviћ, ured. Kњ. 2. Beograd, Krushevats, 2002. P. 463– 472.
21. Todiћ B., Chanak-Mediћ M. Manastir Dechani. Beograd, Muzej u Prishtini, 2005.
22. Kharisijadis M. Jedna ne dovoљno objashњena stsena u Minkhenskom psaltiru i њegovoj beogradskoj kopiji // Zbornik za likovne umetnosti. 1969. № 5. P. 75–86.
23. Tsvetkovski S. Portreti vizantijskikh i srpskikh vladara u manastiru Treskavtsu // Zograf. 2006–2007. № 31. P. 153–167.
24. Ћirkoviћ S. Moravska Srbija u istoriji srpskog naroda // Moravska shkola i њeno doba. Beograd, 1972. P. 101–110.
25. Chirkovich S. Istoriia serbov. Moscow, 2009.
26. Shtaerman E. M. Krizis antichnoi kul'tury. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
27. Buchtal H. The Exaltation of David // Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 1974. Vol. 37. P. 330–333.
28. Dagron G. Emperor and Priest. The Imperial Offi ce in Byzantium. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
29. Djurić V. I. L’art imper ial serbe: marques du statut imper ial et traits de prestige // Byzantium and Serbia in the 14th Century. National Hellenic Research Foundation. Institute for Byzantine Research. International Symposium 3 / E. Papadopulu, D. Dialety, ed. Athens, 1996. P. 23–56.
30. Freze A. Byzantine Octagon Domed Churches of the 11th Century and the Roman Imperial Architecture // Aktual'nye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva / S. V. Mal'tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova, red. SPb., 2015. Vyp. 5. S. 277–286.
31. Magdalino M. Manuel Komnenos and the Great Palace // Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 1978. Vol. 4. Issue 1. R. 101–114.
32. Oikonomides N. Emperor of the Romans — Emperor of the Romania // Byzantium and Serbia in the 14th Century. National Hellenic Research Foundation. Institute For Byzantine Research. International Symposium 3 / E. Papadopulu, D. Dialety, ed. Athens, 1996. P. 121–128.
33. Piltz E. A portrait of a Palaiologian emperor // Vizantiiskii vremennik. 1998. T. 55. P. 222–226.
34. The Emperors House. Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism / M. Featherstone, J.-M. Spieser, G. Tanman, U. Wulf-Rheidt, ed. Berlin; Boston; Walter de Gruyter; GmbH, 2015.
35. Woodfi n W. T. The embodied icon. Liturgical vestments and sacramental power in Byzantium. Oxford University Press; N. Y., 2012.
36. Μαυροπούλου-Τσιούμη Χ. ≪Παρέστη η βασίλισσα εκ δεξιών σου≫. Βηζαντινo εικoνα στο Αρχαιολογικo μουσείο της Βεροίας // Μνείας χάριν. Tόμος στη μνήμη Μαίρης Σιγανίδου / Μ. Λιλιμπάκη-Ακαμάτη, Κ. Τσακάλου-Τζαναβάρη, έκδ. Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. Σ. 141–160 / Per. s grech. M. V. Borodkina.

Nemykina Elena

The work is devoted to clarifying the possible association of construction or reconstruction of some churches with military victories of Ivan III and his son, Vasily III. It is suggested that the construction of the stone church of St. John Chrysostom Monastery in Moscow was connected with the implementation in 1479 of a hypothetical promise to the Grand Duke in the memory of the accession of Novgorod in 1478. According to the author, the construction of the Saviour Cathedral in Khutyn Monastery in Novgorod is the fulfillment of promises, perhaps made by Vasily III in connection with the accession of Pskov in the summer of 1510. The author believes that the initiation of altars of churches of Hodegetria of Smolensk in Suzdal’s Pokrovsky monastery in 1516 and the monastery of St. Joseph of Volotsk in 1515(? ) were connected with the capture of Smolensk in July 1514 .

Ivan III, Vasily III, St. Varlaam of Khutyn, St. Joseph of Volokolamsk, the Saviour Cathedral in Khutyn Monastery in Novgorod, the church of Hodegetria of Smolensk, church of St. John Chrysostom Monastery in Moscow, the accession of Pskov, the accession

1. Akty Rossiiskogo g 1. osudarstva. Arkhivy moskovskikh monastyrei i soborov. XV — nachalo XVII v. Moscow, 1998.
2. Alekseev A. I. Zametki o religioznosti Ivana III // Issledovaniia po istorii srednevekovoi Rusi. Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, 2006. P. 177–201.
3. Arkhitekturnoe nasledie Velikogo Novgoroda i Novgorodskoi oblasti / Sost. M. I. Mil' chik. 2-e izd. Saint-Petersburg, 2014.
4. Batalov A. Obetnoe stroitel'stvo v Moskve ≪na rvu≫ i v Pskove ≪na greble≫: zakonomernosti sakral'noi topografii srednevekovogo goroda // Iskusstvoznanie. 2013. № 1–2. P. 10–37.
5. Bondarenko I. A. K voprosu o ≪lestvichnom≫ postroenii tserkvi Ioanna Lestvichnika v Moskovskom Kremle // Restavratsiia i arkhitekturnaia arkheologiia. Novye materialy i issledovaniia. Vol. II. Moscow, 1995. P. 109–116.
6. Bulkin V. A. K istorii novgorodskogo zodchestva nachala XVI v. // Problemy kompleksnogo izucheniia Severo-Zapada RSFSR. Leningrad, 1972. P. 18–19.
7. Bulkin V. A. O tserkvi Vozneseniia v Kolomenskom // Kul'tura srednevekovoi Rusi. Moscow, 1974. P. 114.
8. Bulkin V. A. Khram-kolokol'nia vo imia Grigoriia Armianskogo v Khutynskom monastyre pod Novgorodom // Khudozhestvenno-istoricheskie pamiatniki Mozhaiska i russkaia kul'tura XV–XVI vv. Mozhaisk, 1993. P. 32–49.
9. Bulkin V. A. Materialy k stroitel'noi istorii novgorodskogo Antonieva monastyria // Khram i kul'tura: Drevnerusskii seminar. Vol. 12. Saint-Petersburg, 1996. P. 105–126.
10. Bulkin V. A. Postroika tverskikh masterov v novgorodskom Khutynskom monastyre // Tver', Tverskaia zemlia i sopredel'nye territorii v epokhu Srednevekov'ia. Vol. 1. Tver', 1996. P. 85–90.
11. Varganov A. Suzdal'. Moscow, 1944.
12. Varganov A. Suzdal'. Istoriko-ekonomicheskii ocherk. Vladimir, 1957.
13. Varganov A. Suzdal'. Ocherki po istorii i arkhitekture. Iaroslavl', 1971.
14. Vdovichenko M. V. Arkhitektura bol'shikh soborov XVII veka. Moscow, 2009.
15. Veselovskii S. B. D'iaki i pod'iachie XV–XVII vv. Moscow, 1975.
16. Veselovskii S. B. Issledovaniia po istorii klassa sluzhilykh zemlevladel'tsev. Moscow, 1969.
17. Voronin N. N. Khutynskii stolp 1535 goda: K probleme shatrovoi arkhitektury // Sovetskaia arkheologiia. 1946. Vol. 8. P. 300–305.
18. Vygolov V. P. Arkhitektura Moskovskoi Rusi serediny XV veka. Moscow, 1988.
19. Gra M., Zheromskii B. Kolomenskoe. Moscow, 1970.
20. Gulianitskii N. F. Kolokol v drevnerusskoi arkhitekture // Arkhitekturnoe nasledstvo. Vol. 36. Moscow, 1988. P. 64–93.
21. Dostoevskii M. Suzdal'. Moscow, (b.g.).
22. Dukhovnye i dogovornye gramoty velikikh i udel'nykh kniazei XIV–XVI vv. Moscow; Leningrad, 1950.
23. Zimin A. A. D'iacheskii apparat v Rossii v XV–XVI vv. // Istoricheskie zapiski. Moscow, 1971. № 87. P. 240–241.
24. Zimin A. A. Krupnaia feodal'naia votchina i sotsial'no-politicheskaia bor'ba v Rossii (konets XV–XVI v.). Moscow, 1971.
25. Zimin A. A. Formirovanie boiarskoi aristokratii v Rossii. Moscow, 1988.
26. Ikony Vladimira i Suzdalia. Moscow: Severnyi palomnik, 2006.
27. Il'enkova N. V. Kolokol'nia Ivana Velikogo v Moskovskom Kremle. Issledovaniia // Okhrana i restavratsiia pamiatnikov arkhitektury. Opyt raboty masterskoi № 13. Moscow, 1981. P. 75–81.
28. Il'in M. A. Sobor Vasiliia Blazhennogo i gradostroitel'stvo XVI v. // Ezhegodnik Instituta istorii iskusstv AN SSSR. Moscow, 1952. P. 217–256.
29. Il'in M. A. Shatrovoe zodchestvo XVI veka // Istoriia russkogo iskusstva. Moscow, 1955. T. 3. P. 409–461.
30. Il'in M. A. Russkoe shatrovoe zodchestvo. Pamiatniki serediny XVI v. Moscow, 1980.
31. Istoricheskoe opisanie Iosifova Volokolamskogo vtoroklassnogo monastyria, Moskovskoi gubernii, sostavlennoe onago zhe monastyria ieromonakhom Nektariem v 1886 g. Moscow, 1887.
32. Kavel'makher V. V. K stroitel'noi istorii kolokol'ni Iosifo-Volokolamskogo monastyria // Arkhitekturnyi ansambl' Iosifo-Volokolamskogo monastyria: Problemy izucheniia, restavratsii i muzeefikatsii. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii. 30–31 oktiabria 1986 g. Moscow, 1989. P. 11–13, P. 13, primech. 2.
33. Kavel'makher V. V. Novye issledovaniia Raspiatskoi kolokol'ni Uspenskogo monastyria v Aleksandrove // Pamiatniki arkhitektury drevnei Aleksandrovoi Slobody. Vladimir, 1995. P. 75–110.
34. Kavel'makher V. V. O pridelakh Arkhangel'skogo sobora // Arkhangel'skii sobor Moskovskogo kremlia. Moscow, 2002. P. 153, primech. 3.
35. Kazakova N. A., Lur'e Ia. S. Antifeodal'nye ereticheskie dvizheniia na Rusi XIV — nachala XVI v. Moscow; Leningrad, 1955.
36. Kasatkin V. V. Monastyri, sobory i prikhodskie tserkvi Vladimirskoi eparkhii. Ch. 1: Vladimir, 1906.
37. Krom M. M. Mezh Rus'iu i Litvoi: Zapadnorusskie zemli v sisteme russko-litovskikh otnoshenii kontsa XV — pervoi treti XVI v. Moscow, 2010.
38. Kurts B. G. Sochinenie Kil'burgera o russkoi torgovle v tsarstvovanie Alekseia Mikhailovicha / Primech. B. G. Kurtsa. Khar'kov, 1915.
39. Mel'nik A. G. Praktika posviashchenii khramov vo imia patronal'nykh velikokniazheskikh i tsarskikh sviatykh v XVI veke // Tsar' i tsarstvo v russkom obshchestvennom soznanii. Moscow, 1999. P. 38.
40. Mel'nik A. G. Kolokol'nia XVI v. rostovskogo Uspenskogo sobora // Kolokola i kolokol'ni Rostova Velikogo. Soobshcheniia Rostovskogo muzeia. Vol. 7. Iaroslavl', 1995. P. 166–167.
41. Mil'chik M. I. Arkhitekturnye aspekty izucheniia ikonografii novgorodskogo Antonieva monastyria // Srednevekovaia arkhitektura i monumental'noe iskusstvo: Rappoportovskie chteniia. Saint-Petersburg, 1999. P. 81–84.
42. Mil'chik M. I., Sekretar' L. A. Novgorodskii Antoniev monastyr' na ikonakh XVI–XVIII vv. // Pamiatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiia. 1999. Moscow, 2000. P. 273–299.
43. Novgorodskie letopisi. Saint-Petersburg, 1879.
44. Petrov D. A. Tsentricheskie sooruzheniia vremeni Vasiliia III i regentstva Eleny Glinskoi. Problemy i interpretatsii // Arkhiv arkhitektury. Vol. 9. M., 1997. P. 128–161.
45. Petrov D. A. Stroitel'stvo Vasiliia III v Novgorode i Novgorodskoi zemle v pervye desiatiletiia XVI veka: tserkov' Zhen-Mironosits i Uspenskii sobor v Tikhvine, Uspenskaia tserkov' v Ivangorode, Spaso-Preobrazhenskii sobor Khutynskogo mona- styria v Novgorode // Doklad na XXIKh nauchnoi konferentsii ≪Novgorod i Novgorodskaia zemlia. Istoriia i arkheologiia≫. Velikii Novgorod 27–9 ianvaria 2015 g.
46. Pod"iapol'skii S. S. Arkhitekturnye pamiatniki Spas-Kamennogo monastyria XV–XVI vekov // Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo: Iskusstvo Moskvy i prilegaiushchikh kniazhestv. Moscow, 1970. P. 450–453.
47. Pod"iapol'skii S. S. O pervonachal'nom vide stolpa Ivana Velikogo // Restavratsiia i arkhitekturnaia arkheologiia. Materialy i issledovaniia. Moscow, 1995. P. 98–108.
48. PSRL. T. IV. Ch. 1. Moscow, 2000. P. 516, 524.
49. PSRL. T. IV. Vyp. 3. Moscow, 2000. P. 540.
50. PSRL. T. V. Vyp. 1. Moscow, 2003. P. 93, 96.
51. PSRL. T. V. Vyp. 2. Moscow, 2000. P. 258, 298.
52. PSRL. T. VI. Saint-Petersburg, 1853. P. 256.
53. PSRL. T. VI. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2001. P. 397–398.
54. PSRL. T. VI. Moscow, 2001. P. 257.
55. PSRL. T. VIII. Moscow, 2001. P. 165, 184, 198, 201, 213–214, 259.
56. PSRL. T. XII. Moscow, 2000. P. 130, 137, 158, 171, 187, 192.
57. PSRL. T. XIII. Moscow, 2000. P. 17–18.
58. PSRL. T. XIII. Ch. I. Moscow, 2001. P. 24.
59. PSRL. T. XVIII. Simeonovskaia letopis'. Moscow, 2007. P. 229, 250, 269–270.
60. PSRL. T. XXI. Ch. II. Saint-Petersburg, 1913. P. 554–555.
61. PSRL. T. XXVI. Moscow, 2006. P. 255, 257, 305.
62. PSRL. T. XXX. Moscow, 2009. P. 141.
63. PSRL. T. XXXIV. Moscow, 1978. P. 15.
64. Ratomskaia Iu. V. Stolpoobraznaia tserkov' Nikolaia Chudotvortsa v Pokrovsko-Paisievskom monastyre v Ugliche // Arkhiv arkhitektury. Vol. IX. Moscow, 1997. P. 162–169.
65. Ratomskaia Iu. V. Tserkov' Nikoly Zaraiskogo v Kolomne i kolokolennye sooruzheniia vtoroi poloviny XV–XVI veka // Arkhitekturnoe nasledstvo. Vol. 47. Moscow, 2007. P. 68–76.
66. Ratomskaia Iu. V. O vnutrennem prostranstve stolpoobraznykh khramov XVI veka // Zubovskie chteniia. Vol. 4: Obrazy vlasti, instituty i kul'turnoe prostranstvo rossiiskogo obshchestva v XV–XVII vv., printsipy nauchnoi rekonstruktsii i muzeefikatsii pamiatnikov i inter'erov. 16–17 oktiabria 2006, g. Aleksandrov. Moscow, 2008. P. 189–195.
67. Ratomskaia Iu. V. K voprosu o prototipakh russkikh stolpoobraznykh khramov 1520–1530-kh godov // Arkhangel'skii sobor i kolokol'nia ≪Ivan Velikii≫ Moskovskogo Kremlia. 500 let. Moskovskii Kreml' XV stoletiia. T. 2. Moscow, 2011. P. 293–299.
68. Savosichev A. Iu. D'iaki i pod'iachie vtoroi poloviny XV v. // Voprosy istorii. 2009. № 9. P. 110–120.
69. Sedov Vl. V. Pskovskaia arkhitektura XVI veka. Moscow, 1996.
70. Sergii (Spasskii), arkhiep. Polnyi mesiatseslov Vostoka. T. II. Ch. I. Moscow, 1997.
71. Titov A. A. Rukopisi slavianskie i russkie, prinadlezhashchie I. A. Vakhromeevu // Vkladnye i zapisnye knigi Volokolamskogo monastyria. Moscow, 1906. P. 16–18, 22, 52.
72. Toropov S., Shchepetov K. Iosifo-Volokolamskii monastyr'. Moscow, 1946.
73. Fedorov A. Istoricheskoe sobranie o bogospasaemom grade Suzhdale. Vladimir, 2012.
74. Khoroshev A. S. Tserkov' v sotsial'no-politicheskoi sisteme Novgorodskoi feodal'noi respubliki. Moscow, 1980.
75. Tserkovno-istoricheskoe opisanie suzdal'skikh dostopamiatnostei / Sochinenie magistra ieromonakha Ioasafa. Chuguev, 1857.
76. Iadryshnikov V. A. Novgorodskie khramy ≪pod kolokoly≫ // Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha XXXIV. Arkhitekturno-arkheologicheskii seminar: Izuchenie i restavratsiia pamiatnikov drevnerusskoi arkhitektury i monumental'nogo iskusstva: Materialy nauchnykh konferentsii pamiati arkhitektora-restavratora G. M. Shtendera (1927–1992), sostoiavshikhsia 19–22 oktiabria 1993 g. i 15–18 aprelia 2003 g. v Novgorodskom filiale instituta ≪Spetsproektrestavratsiia≫ i Novgorodskom gosudarstvennom ob"edinennom muzee-zapovednike. Saint-Petersburg, 2007. P. 201–13.

Petrov Dmitrii

The article is dedicated to Irmologion BAN 16.15.13 — a unique treasure of the middle of the 18th century. This is the only Irmologion in the style of constant polyphony known in contemporary musical medieval studies. The manuscript contains partes harmonisation of the znamenny chant which are shaped by Kiev square note and constitute a score. The article presents the process of the emergence of the score; examines particular aspects of the provenance of the source of origin — namely the plain song — in the context of polyphony; provides the musical analysis of the texture. Findings allow to introduce the manuscript into the context of the ancient Russian chant books, while pointing out both common and non-conventional polyphonic features of noting heirmoses in the time when Irmologion was created. In the last part of the article musical examples of heirmoses of Easter canons in the style of constant polyphony are published.

Сonstant polyphony, partes harmonisation, Irmologion, irmos, znamenny chant, Canon Easter

1. Brazhnikov M. V. Litsa i fity znamennogo rospeva. Leningrad, 1984.
2. Butskaia S. B. K probleme narodnykh pervoistochnikov v partesnom mnogogolosii // Metody muzykal'no-fol'kloristicheskogo issledovaniia: Sb. nauch. tr. / MGK im. P. I. Chaikovskogo. Moscow, 1989. P.146–157.
3. Butskaia S. B. Problema partesnogo mnogogolosiia v Rossii: Avtoref. dis. … kand. isk. Moscow, 1991.
4. Gur'eva N. V. Sistema osmoglasiia v russkoi liturgii kontsa XVII veka // Muzykal'naia akademiia. Moscow, 2001. № 3. P. 95–103.
5. Guseinova Z. M. Irmologii (notirovannyi): Ucheb. posobie. Saint-Petersburg, 1999.
6. Zakhar'ina N. B. Russkie bogosluzhebnye pevcheskie knigi XVIII–XIX vekov. Sinodal'naia traditsiia. Saint-Petersburg, 2003.
7. Kazantseva M. G. Istoriia pevcheskogo iskusstva v pis'mennoi kul'ture Drevnei Rusi XII–XVII vv. (po knige Irmologii): Avtoref. dis. … kand. isk. Moscow, 1995.
8. Keldysh Iu. V. Istoriia russkoi muzyki. T. 1: Drevniaia Rus'. XI–XVII v. Moscow, 1983.
9. Moreva A. N. Funktsionirovanie knigi Irmologii v russkom tserkovno-pevcheskom iskusstve: diplomnaia rabota. Saint-Petersburg, 2006.
10. Mosiagina N. V. Monakh Tikhon Makar'evskii. Kliuch Razumeniia / Issledovanie pamiatnika, rasshifrovka znamennoi notatsii N. V. Mosiaginoi. Saint-Petersburg, 2014.
11. Pevcheskie rukopisi v sobranii Biblioteki Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk: Katalog vystavki / Sost. F. V. Panchenko; red. A. A. Amosov. Saint-Petersburg: BAN, 1994.
12. Plotnikova N. Iu. Partesnye garmonizatsii znamennogo i grecheskogo rospevov (na materiale stikhiry ≪Sovet prevechnyi≫ iz Sluzhby Blagoveshcheniia Presviatoi Bogoroditse): Issledovanie i publikatsiia. Moscow, 2005.
13. Plotnikova N. Iu. Russkoe partesnoe mnogogolosie kontsa XVII — serediny XVIII veka: Istochnikovedenie, istoriia, teoriia. Moscow, 2015.
14. Protopopov V. V. Partesnoe penie // Muzykal'naia entsiklopediia. T. 4. Moscow, 1978. P. 190–193.
15. Skrebkov S. S. Russkaia khorovaia muzyka XVII — nachala XVIII veka: Ocherki / Pod red. Iu. V. Keldysha; In-t istorii iskusstv. Moscow, 1969.
16. Sokolov P. I. Katalog obstoiatel'nyi rukopisnym knigam Sviashchennogo Pisaniia, pouchitel'nym i do Sviashchennoi istorii kasaiushchimsia v biblioteke Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. Saint-Petersburg, 1818.

Timusk Sofiia

The article is dedicated to the creations of the famous Polish composer Marcin Mielczewski, who mastered the art of polychoral compositions following Italian music school at the turn of 16–17th centuries. Preserved heritage of Mielczewski largely contains various interactive combinations between two vocal and instrumental choirs such as for example two vocal choirs with basso continuo only, two vocal choirs with single instrumental ensemble or two vocal choirs with two different instrumental ensembles. The study reviews various trends of polychoral compositions’ formation manifested in the works of the composer.

Marcin Mielczewski, music of Poland, Baroque music, polychoral compositions

1. Przybyszewska-Jarmińska B. Włoskie “szkoły” polichoralności z perspektywy dworow polskich Wazow i austriackich Hasburgow // Polski Rocznik Muzykologiczny. 2005. IV. P. 57–75.
2. Przybyszewska-Jarmińska B. Z luterańskiego wyboru. Zachowany repertuar wokalnoinstrumentalnej muzyki religij nej kapelistow polskich Wazow // Polski Rocznik Muzykologiczny. 2004. III. P. 21–32.
3. Przybyszewska-Jarmińska B. Muzyka pod patronatem polskich Wazow. Marcin Mielczewski. Institutu Sztuki PAN. Warszawa. 2011.
4. Przybyszewska-Jarmińska B. Barok, cz. I, 1595–1696. Seria “Historia muzyki polskiej”. Warszawa. Sutkowski Edition. 2007.
5. Szweykowscy Anna i Zygmunt. Włosi w kapeli krolewskiej polskich Wazow. Krakow, 1997. P. 133–165.
6. Szweykowski Zygmunt. Z problemow techniki polichoralnej Marcina Mielczewskiego // Marcin Mielczewski. Studia / Ed. Zygmunt M. Szweykowski, in the series Acta Musicologica Universitatis Cracoviensis VII. Krakow, 1999. P. 125–138.

Viskova Irina

The article is devoted to the attribution of two copper icons with image of St. Nicolas Mozhajsky, which were found during the archeological researches in Novo-Ierusalimsky monastery in 2011 and 2014. The first of them is a small copper three-part fold “Nicholas Mozhajsky. Selected saints”, which was found during the excavation of monastery's cellar in 2011. This fold dates back the second half of the 18th century and produced in central region of Russia, perhaps in Guslitsy. It consists of one central part with image of Nicholas Mozhajsky and two lateral shutters, with images of saints. By analyzing the features of these images it could be possible to conclude that the fold was produced by the combination of diff erent fi nished details. The second is a pocket icon with single image of St. Nicholas Mozhajsky which was found during the excavation near the Gefsiman tour in 2014. This icon also dates back to the second half of the 18th century and perhaps was produced in the central region of Russia. The icon diff ers from the fold in image and technical details. In general, these finds supplement the area of distribution of copper icons with image of St. Nicholas Mozhajsky and marks cultural ties of Novo-Ierusalimsky monastery with central regions of Russian Empire.

Novo-Ierusalimsky monastery, archeological studies, copper fold, diptych, iconography, St. Nicolas Mozhajsky, pocket icon

1. Beliaev L. A. Voskresenskii Novo-Ierusalimskii monastyr' kak pamiatnik arkheologii nachala Novogo vremeni // RA. 2013. № 1. P. 30–41.
2. Beliaev L. A. Keramicheskie ikony Khrista v Novo-Ierusalimskom monastyre // V sozvezdii L'va: sb. st. po drevnerusskomu iskusstvu v chest' L'va Isaakovicha Lifshitsa / [Otv. red. M. A. Orlova]. Moscow, 2014. P. 48–61.
3. Beliaev L. A. Fliaga patriarkha Nikona i ee evropeiskie analogi // Zhivaia starina. 2014. № 4. P. 2–5.
4. Beliaev L. A. Novyi Ierusalim i drugie etalonnye pamiatniki Novogo vremeni v Rossii // Ot Smuty k Imperii. Novye otkrytiia v oblasti arkheologii i istorii Rossii XVI–XVIII vv. Moscow, 2016 (v pechati).
5. Beliaev L. A., Glazunova O. N. Markery Zapada: novye elementy evropeiskoi khudozhestvennoi i tekhnologicheskoi traditsii v arkheologicheskikh materialakh NovoIerusalimskogo monastyria // Traditsii i innovatsii v istorii i kul'ture. Moscow, 2015. P. 147–154.
6. Berestetskaia T. V. O nekotorykh problemakh izucheniia vygovskogo lit'ia // Vygovskaia pomorskaia pustyn' i ee znachenie v istorii Rossii: Cb. nauch. st. i mat-lov / Otv. red. i sost. A. L. Pashkov. Saint-Petersburg, 2003. P. 231–237.
7. Burganova M. A. Russkaia sakral'naia skul'ptura. Moscow, 2003.
8. Velichkov A. N. Gorod Mozhaisk, ego sviatynia i okrestnosti. Moscow, 1880.
9. Vinokurova E. P. Pomorskie datirovannye skladni // Pamiatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiia: Pis'mennost', iskusstvo, arkheologiia. 1988. Moscow, 1989. P. 338–345.
10. Vinokurova E. P. Litaia mednaia plastika kontsa XVII — nachala XX vv.: Vvedenie v tipologiiu // Drevnerusskaia skul'ptura: Problemy i atributsiia: sb. st. / Red-sost. A. V. Ryndina. Moscow, 1993. Vol. 2. Ch. 1. P. 188–216.
11. Vinokurova E. P. O tipologii mednoi khudozhestvennoi plastiki kontsa XVII–XIX vv.: Printsipy formirovaniia nauchnogo kataloga // Russkoe mednoe lit'e / Sost. S. V. Gnutova. M., 1993. T. 1. P. 34–42.
12. Gnutova S. V., Zotova E. Ia. Kresty, ikony, skladni: Mednoe khudozhestvennoe lit'e XII–XX vekov iz sobraniia Tsentral'nogo muzeia drevnerusskoi kul'tury i iskusstva im. Andreia Rubleva. Moscow, 2000.
13. Zotova E. Ia. Mastera-liteishchiki Preobrazhenskoi obshchiny v Moskve — prodolzhateli traditsii Vygovskoi pustyni // Vygovskaia pomorskaia pustyn' i ee znachenie v istorii Rossii: sb. nauch. st. i mat-lov / Otv. red. i sost. A. L. Pashkov. Saint-Petersburg, 2003. P. 238–243.
14. Zotova E. Ia. Guslitskoe i zagarskoe mednoe lit'e: Problema klassifikatsii // Guslitsa staraia i novaia: Mat-ly konferentsii / Red.-sost. S. S. Mikhailov. M., 2004. S. 50–57.
15. Kalisheva G. P. Kollektsiia mednogo lit'ia Kemerovskogo kraevedcheskogo muzeia // Razyskaniia: istoriko-kraevedcheskii al'manakh / Sost. L. F. Kuznetsova. Kemerovo, 1999. Vol. 5. P. 114–121.
16. Karpenko E. V. ≪Obraz litoi, starinnyi…≫ Mednoe khudozhestvennoe lit'e XII–XX vekov iz sobraniia Natsional'nogo muzeia respubliki Belarus'. Minsk, 2002.
17. Nikolaeva T. V. Proizvedeniia melkoi plastiki XIII–XVII vv. v sobranii Zagorskogo muzeia: Katalog. Zagorsk, 1966.
18. Printseva M. N. Kollektsiia mednogo lit'ia F. A. Kalinkina v sobranii Otdela istorii russkoi kul'tury Ermitazha // Pamiatniki kul'tury. Novye otkrytiia: Pis'mennost', istoriia, arkheologiia. 1984. Moscow, 1986. P. 396–408.
19. Ryndina A. V. Osnovy tipologii russkoi dereviannoi skul'ptury ≪Nikola Mozhaiskii≫. Ikona i sviatye moshchi // Iskusstvo khristianskogo mira. Moscow, 2002. Vol. 6. P. 99–115.
20. Ryndina A. V. Simvolicheskie i ikonograficheskie aspekty drevnei statui ≪Nikoly Mozhaiskogo≫ // Iskusstvo khristianskogo mira: Cb. st. / Gl. red. protoierei A. Saltykov. Moscow, 2005. Vol. 9. P. 133–50.
21. Savina L. N. K istorii proizvodstva i bytovaniia mednogo khudozhestvennogo lit'ia v XIX — nachale XX vv. // Russkoe mednoe lit'e / Sost. S. V. Gnutova. Moscow, 1993. T. 1. P. 48–55.
22. Sobranie postanovlenii po chasti raskola. T. 1. Saint-Petersburg, 1860.
23. Shevchenko E. V. Vasilii Pariiskii. Ikonografiia // Pravoslavnaia entsiklopediia. T. 7. Moscow, 2004. P. 88.

Glazunova Ol'ga

A number of publications by scholars of the previous centuries had dealt with the history of the Russian royal ceremonial and the royal family domestic life. This included Russian historians of the 18–19th centuries, as well as many publications of archival documents. Specifically, the contribution by a famous Russian historian Ivan Zabelin has to be noted, who studied both the ceremonial and daily life of the Russian monarchs. Unfortunately, little attention was paid to the issue by the Soviet scholarship, yet there has been growing interest on behalf of Russian historians in the past decades. This article studies the history of the throne room of the Russian tsarinas — the Golden Tsarina Chamber of the Grand Kremlin Palace built in the15–16th centuries as part of Ivan III royal palace. This Chamber, hidden in the surrounding palace constructions of the later epochs, has been until recently rarely paid attention to by the historians of art and architecture. The Chamber was first mentioned in the Russian chronicles as late as at the end of the 16th century, and there had been no suffi cient scientific data on the earlier period. The author is focusing on the problems of periodization, terminology and the structure of the ancient royal chambers, its usage for official ceremonies and in daily life of the Russian tsars. The article also gives interpretation of the murals of the Golden Tsarina Chamber, often considered as best examples of the monumental art of the 17th century.

Moscow Kremlin, history, historiography, source study, palace complex, sovereign court, Tsarina’s Chamber, throne room, painting, restoration, conceptual purpose

1. Afinogenov D. E. Povest' o proshchenii imperatora Feofila i Torzhestvo Pravoslaviia. Moscow, 2003.
2. Bartenev S. P. Bol'shoi Kremlevskii dvorets, Dvortsovye tserkvi i Pridvornye sobory. Moscow, 1916.
3. Dmitrievskii A. A. Arkhiepiskop Elassonskii Arsenii i memuary ego iz russkoi istorii. Kiev, 1899.
4. Zabelin I. E. Domashnii byt russkikh tsarei v XVI i XVII stoletiiakh. Moscow, 2000.
5. Kliuchevskii V. O. Skazaniia inostrantsev o Moskovskom gosudarstve. Moscow, 1991.
6. Maslennikova I. A. Zolotaia Tsaritsyna palata Kremlevskogo dvortsa: k istorii sozdaniia i restavratsii rospisei // Istoricheskii zhurnal. Nauchnye issledovaniia. 2014. № 2. P. 185–195.
7. Maslennikova I. A. Traditsii prazdnichnykh priemov v tronnom zale russkikh tsarits // Rodina. 2015. № 6. P. 104–106.
8. Morozova L. E. Russkie kniagini: zhenshchiny i vlast'. Moscow, 2004.
9. Parkhomenko V. A. Drevnerusskaia kniaginia Ol'ga. Kiev, 1911.
10. Pod"iapol'skii S. S., Evdokimov G. S., Ruzaeva E. I. i dr. Novye dannye o Kremlevskom dvortse rubezha XV–XVI vv. // Russkoe iskusstvo pozdnego Srednevekov'ia: XVI vek. Saint-Petersburg, 2003. P. 51–99.
11. Pushkareva N. L. Zhenshchiny Drevnei Rusi. Moscow, 1989.
12. Rikhter F. F. Pamiatniki drevnego russkogo zodchestva. Moscow, 1853.
13. Snegirev I. M. Pamiatniki moskovskoi drevnosti. Moscow, 1842.
14. Tikhomirov N. Ia., Ivanov V. N. Moskovskii Kreml'. Istoriia arkhitektury. Moscow, 1967.

Maslennikova Irina

The article is devoted to features of the harmonic language of everyday polyphony. Material for analysis are stikharnyi songs of the eight voices in the versions is that are now common in the religious practice of the Moscow tradition. The method of analysis is based on the functional concept, the backbone for the musical school of the Moscow Conservatory. The concept of «function» is considered in the context of tonal organization, and in terms of modality — altitude system, the center of which lies the scale. Also the elements of the analytical techniques developed in the framework of the structural-typological method are involved. The results of the analysis give reason to believe that the modal properties of the share of the melody affect the functional composition of sentiment harmonization and contribute to the individualization of the pitch system everyday polyphony. The main trend is pronounced modal variability (mostly parallel) and bringing to the fore atonicescie functions, primarily dominant. The result is a centrifugal high-rise system, fully corresponding to the liturgical context and the emotional ranks of the Orthodox Liturgy.

obikhod harmonization, quality of the tone, inversion tone, variable tone, high-altitude prop, cadence accent, functional method

1. Azbuka osmoglasiia. Vol. 1: Stikhiry / Sost. L. P. Zamanskaia, O. A. Tartakovskaia. Moscow: PSTGU, 2008.
2. Artemova E. G. Dukhovno-muzykal'naia kul'tura Peterburga kontsa XIX — nachala XX v.: Istoriko-stilevoi aspekt: Dis. … d-ra isk. T. I. Moscow: MGPI, 2015.
3. Beliaev V. M. Drevnerusskaia muzykal'naia pis'mennost'. Moscow: Sovetskii kompozitor, 1962.
4. Brazhnikov M. V. Drevnerusskaia teoriia muzyki. Leningrad: Muzyka, 1972.
5. Giliveria V. E. Osmoglasie kak intonatsionnaia osnova sovremennogo pravoslavnogo bogosluzheniia: Dis. … kand. isk. Novosibirsk: NGK (akademiia) im. M. I. Glinki, 2008.
6. Gulianitskaia N. S. Russkoe garmonicheskoe penie. Moscow: RAM im. Gnesinykh, 1995.
7. Gulianitskaia N. S. Poetika muzykal'noi kompozitsii: Teoreticheskie problemy russkoi dukhovnoi muzyki XX veka. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2002.
8. Denisov N. G. Strel'nikovskii khor Kostromskoi zemli: Traditsii staroobriadcheskogo tserkovnogo peniia. Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2005.
9. Kandinskii A. I. ≪Vsenoshchnoe bdenie≫ Rakhmaninova i russkoe iskusstvo rubezha vekov // Sovetskaia muzyka. 1991. № 5. P. 4–9; № 7. P. 91–97.
10. Karmanov K. L. Muzykal'noe tvorchestvo arkhimandrita Matfeia (Mormylia) // Vestnik Ekaterinburgskoi dukhovnoi seminarii. 2012. Vol 1 (3). P. 145–184.
11. Kastal'skii A. D. Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo k vyrazitel'nomu peniiu stikhir pri pomoshchi razlichnykh garmonizatsii. Moscow: Izd. P. I. Iurgensona, 1909. Reprintnoe izd. 2005.
12. Lebedev S. N. Prototonal'nost' v muzyke zapadnoevropeiskogo Srednevekov'ia i Vozrozhdeniia // Ad Musicum. K 75-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia Iuriia Nikolaevicha Kholopova: Stat'i i vospominaniia. Moscow.: MGK, 2008. P. 33–47.
13. Lebedeva-Emelina A. V. Russkaia dukhovnaia muzyka epokhi klassitsizma (1765–1825). Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2004.
14. Lyzhov. G. I. Teoreticheskie problemy motetnoi kompozitsii vtoroi poloviny XVI veka (na materiale Magnum opus musicum Orlando di Lasso): Dis. … kand. isk. Moscow: MGK, 2003.
15. Miasoedov A. N. O garmonii russkoi muzyki: Korni natsional'noi spetsifiki. Moscow: PSTBI, 1998.
16. Miasoedov A. N. Garmoniia: Uchebnik dlia regentov. Moscow: PSTBI, 2002.
17. Pinchukov E. A. Formula starinnogo passametstso: K predystorii tonal'noi garmonii // Starinnaia muzyka. 2011. № 1–2. P. 28–34.
18. Plotnikova N. Iu. Russkaia dukhovnaia muzyka XIX — nachala XX veka: Stranitsy istorii. Moscow, 2007.
19. Plotnikova N. Iu. Partesnye garmonizatsii znamennogo i grecheskogo rospevov: Issledovanie i publikatsiia. Moscow: Izdatel'skii dom ≪Kompozitor≫, 2005.
20. Potemkina N. A. Problemy izucheniia polnogo kruga pesnopenii sovremennogo tserkovnogo obikhoda na primere moskovskoi traditsii: Dis. … kand. isk. Moscow: RAM im. Gnesinykh, 1999.
21. Protopopov V. V. Muzyka russkoi liturgii. Moscow: Kompozitor, 1999.
22. Russkoe pravoslavnoe tserkovnoe penie v XX veke: Sovetskii period // Russkaia dukhovnaia muzyka v dokumentakh i materialakh. T. IX / Podgotovka tekstov, vstup. st. i komment. M. P. Rakhmanovoi. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2015.
23. Uspenskii N. D. Drevnerusskoe pevcheskoe iskusstvo. 2-e izd. Moscow: Sovetskii kompozitor, 1971.
24. Uspenskii N. D. Obraztsy drevnerusskogo pevcheskogo iskusstva. 2-e izd. Moscow: Muzyka, 1971.
25. Kholopov Iu. N. Garmoniia. Teoreticheskii kurs. Saint-Petersburg; Moscow; Krasnodar: Lan', 2003.
26. Kholopov Iu. N. Garmoniia: Prakticheskii kurs. Ch. 1. Moscow: Izdatel'skii dom ≪Kompozitor≫, 2003.
27. Kholopov Iu. N. ≪Strannye bemoli≫ v sviazi s modal'nymi funktsiiami v russkoi monodii // Problemy deshifrovki drevnerusskikh notatsii: Sb. nauch. trudov / Otv. red. S. P. Kravchenko, A. N. Kruchinina. Leningrad: LGK, 1987. P. 106–128.
28. Tserkovnoe penie poreformennoi Rossii v osmyslenii sovremennikov (1861–1918) // Russkaia dukhovnaia muzyka v dokumentakh i materialakh. T. III / Sost. A. A. Naumov, M. P. Rakhmanova; vstup. st., podgotovka teksta i komment. M. P. Rakhmanovoi. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2002.
29. Dahlhaus C. Untersuchungen uber die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalitat (Saarbrucker Studien zur Musikwissenschaft II). Kassel, 1968.

Starostina Tat'iana

The article is devoted to Stefan Babitsky, a connoisseur of liturgical singing traditions of Riga Grebenshchikov old beliver community. There is only a little information about Stefan Babitsky. By the documents found in the National archive of Latvia in Riga we can establish that in the 20th years his life was connected with the Riga community. In 1944 Stefan Babitsky created a notebook for left choir and presumably in the same period he created «Sobornik Riga» — singing manuscript which is in a private collection. Studying composition of the «Sobornik Riga» leads to the conclusion that this newfound power is an amazing example of the late Old Believer culture, reflecting the peculiarities of the liturgical singing practice of the first half of the 20th century.

Stefan Babitsky, «Sobornik Riga», the Riga Grebenshchikov community of old believers, RGSO, the old believers, starovery, Znamenny notation, Znamenny chant

1. Baranovskii V., Potashenko G. Staroverie Baltii i Pol'shi: Kratkii istoricheskii i biograficheskii slovar'. Vil'nius, 2005.
2. Begunov Iu. K. Obzor sobranii drevnerusskikh rukopisnykh knig goroda Rigi. URL: http://annales.info/rus/small/ae61_beg.htm (data obrashcheniia: 22.05.16).
3. Bubnov N. Iu. Rukopisi iz sobraniia Rizhskoi Grebenshchikovskoi obshchiny v biblioteke AN SSSR // Sbornik nauchnykh trudov BAN. Leningrad, 1980. P. 99–104.
4. Grigor'eva V. Iu. Chtoby probudit' interes k drevnerusskomu peniiu, trebuetsia dlitel'noe vospitanie vkusa. URL: http://ruvera.ru/articles/interes_drevnerusskomu_peniyu (data obrashcheniia: 22.05.16).
5. Marii Ierofeevne Pepeliaevoi 70 let // Pomorskii vestnik. № 22–23. Riga, 2010. P. 146–147 (Izdanie staroobriadcheskogo obshchestva Latvii. № 22–23, dekabr' 2009 — fevral' 2010).
6. Potashenko G. V. Rol' i znachenie RGSO v istorii staroveriia // Latviiskie starovery: Istoricheskii opyt sokhraneniia identichnosti / Gavrilin A. V., red. Riga, 2014. P. 23–53.
7. Potashenko G. V. Rizhskaia fedoseevskaia obshchina i priniatie brakov v XIX v. // Staroobriadchestvo: istoriia, kul'tura, sovremennost': Materialy. Moscow, 2002. P. 488–497.
8. Iablokov N. A. Rizhskaia Grebenshchikovskaia staroobriadcheskaia obshchina i ee molitvennyi dom: Vospominaniia // Rizhskii staroobriadcheskii sbornik. Vol. II. Riga, 2011. P. 192.

Serikbaeva Oksana