St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series III: Philology

The 'Speculum historiale' — the fourth volume of the encyclopaedia of Vincent of Beauvais, called the 'Speculum majus' — comprises a narrative of world history from the creation of the world to the middle of the 13th century. In the chapters of the 'Speculum historiale' which refer to ancient authors, Vincent depends heavily on the second part of the chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea, preserved in the Latin translation by Jerome. Using the chronology of this work and also numerous mentions of ancient authors by Eusebius, Vincent and his collaborators supplemented these elements with excerpts from other books and integrated all of them into the volume of the 'Speculum historiale'. Thus, the volume comprises a great variety of materials having either a direct or sometimes indirect relation to literature. Writers, philosophers, other authors appear as individuals signifi cant in history; their works become equal in importance to principalhistorical events. Materials related to literature or culture form separate chapters, or a series of chapters: the history of culture is presented as part of history in the broad sense of the word, without completely coinciding with it.The article discusses the sources of chapters about Aesop and some other Greek poets, as well as Horace, Virgil, Plautus and Terence. These texts can be divided into three groups: some of them met the needs of Dominican preachers, they we processed according to Christian guidelines; others conveyed the testimonies of earlier ancient writers, which have not lost their signifi cance today. And the third group transmitted medieval ideas about some authors and genres. This diverse material and the place that it occupies in the 'Speculum historiale' allow us to trace how the contours of the history of literature become discernible in the framework of history. A few centuries later, in the first volume of the 'Histoire littéraire de la France' (1733), the same contours become more apparent: although the history of literature acquires the status of an independent discipline here, its close connection with history determines both the general purpose of the book and the content of many chapters.

Vincent of Beauvais, 'Speculum historiale', chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea, st. Jerome, ancient literature, Aesop, Horace, Virgil, Plautus, Terence, Valerius Maximus, Romulus collection, scholia to Horace and Terence

1. Averintsev S., Gasparov M. (eds) (1998) Hieronim. Pis’mo k Magnu, velikomu oratoru goroda Rima [Hieronymus. Letter to Magnus, the great orator of the city of Rome], in Pamiatniki srednevekovoi latinskoi literatury IV–VII vekov [Literary monuments of Latin literature of the 4th — 7th centuries]. Moscow. Pp. 143–146 (in Russian).
2. Berlioz J. (1985) “Virgile dans la litté rature des exempla (XIIIe–XVe siè cles)”, in Lectures mé - dié vales de Virgile: Actes du colloque de Rome (25–28 octobre 1982). Rome. Pp. 65–120.
3. Deufert M. (2002) Textgeschichte und Rezeption der plautinischen Komödien im Altertum. Berlin, New York.
4. Duchenne M. C., Guzman G. G., Voorbij J. B. (1987) “Une liste des manuscrits du Speculum historiale de Vincent de Beauvais”. Scriptorium, 41, pp. 286–294.
5. Gasparov M. (ed.) (1970) Goratsii. Ody, epody, satiry, poslaniia: Perevod s latinskogo [Horace. Odes, epodes, satyres, epistles. Translation from Latin]. Moscow (in Russian).
6. Geoff roi de Vinsauf (1982) “Documentum de arte versifi candi”, in Faral E. Les arts poétiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siècle: Recherches et documents sur la technique poétique au Moyen Âge. Paris; Genève. Pp. 263–320.
7. Kelly H. A. (1993) Ideas and Forms of Tragedy from Aristotle to the Middle Ages. Cambridge.
8. Lusignan S. (1979) Préface au Speculum majus de Vincent de Beauvais: réfraction et diff raction. Montréal; Paris.
9. Magie David (1991) The Scriptores Historiae Augustae with an English Translation. Cambridge (Massachussets); London.
10. Matthieu de Vendôme (1982) “Ars versifi catoria”, in Faral E. Les arts poétiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siècle: Recherches et documents sur la technique poétique au Moyen Âge. Paris: Genève. Pp. 106–193.
11. Munk Olsen B. (1979) “Les classiques latins dans les fl orilèges médiévaux antérieurs au XIIIe siècle”. Revue d’histoire des textes, 9, pp. 47–121; 10, pp. 115–164.
12. Munk Olsen B. (1985) “Virgile et la renaissance du XIIe siè cle”, in Lectures mé dié vales de Virgile: Actes du colloque de Rome (25–28 octobre 1982). Rome. Pp. 31–48.
13. Nadeau A. (1997) “Faire oeuvre utile. Note sur le vocabulaire de quelques prologues dominicains du XIIIe siècle”, in S. Lusignan, M. Paulmier (dir.), Lector et compilator: Vincent de Beauvais, frère prêcheur, un intellectuel et son milieu au XIIIe siècle. Paris. Pp. 78–96.
14. Paulmier-Foucart M. (1978) “Les flores antiques et médiévaux dans le Speculum historiale”. Spicae: Cahiers de l’atelier Vincent de Beauvais, 1, pp. 31–70.
15. Paulmier-Foucart M. (2004) Vincent de Beauvais et le Grand Miroir du monde. Turnhout.
16. Radford R. S. (1921) “The Priapea and the Vergilian Appendix”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 52, pp. 148–177.
17. Richter Will (ed.) (1963) “Einleitung”, in [Vergil]. Aetna. Berlin. Pp. 1–21.
18. Riou Y. F. (1997) “Essai sur la tradition manuscrite du ‘Commentum Brunsianum’ des comédies de Térence”. Revue d’histoire des textes, 3, pp. 79–113.
19. Rouse R. H. (1979) “Florilegia and Latin Classical Authors in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century Orléans”. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 10, pp. 131–160.
20. Schuler S. (1995) “‘Exerptoris morem gerere’: Zur Kompilation und Rezeption klassisch-lateinischer Dichter im ‘Speculum historiale’ des Vincenz von Beauvais”. Frümittelalterliche Studien, 29. Pp. 312–348.
21. Silvi Ch. (2003) “Les petites encyclopédies du XIIIe siècle en langue vulgaire: Bibliographie sélective (1980–2000)”. Le Moyen Âge, 109, pp. 345–361.
22. Smalley B. (1960) English Friars and Antiquity in the Early Fourteenth Century. Oxford.
23. Taraskin P. (2013) “Horace Scholiast Porphyrio and ‘Acro’ in Early Modern Printed Editions (1473–1838)”. Studia Aurea, 7, pp. 339–364.
24. Ullman B. (1932) “Classical Authors in Certain Medieval Florilegia”. Classical Philology, 27, pp. 1–42.
25. Vallin J.-L. (2007) “Réécritures latines des fables ésopiques”. Journées d’octobre de CNARELA, 2007. Valenciennes, 29/10, pp. 1–14, available at http://www.cnarela.fr/Portals/0/Pdf/ZValenciennesXP.pdf (accessed 15.04.2020).
26. Van Dij k G.-J. (1997) Ainoi, Logoi, Mythoi: Fables in Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek Literature: With a Study of the Theory and Terminology of the Genre. Leiden; New York; Köln.
27. Villa C. (1984) La “Lectura Terentii”. Padova.
28. Voorbij J. B. (1986) “The ‘Speculum historiale’: Some Aspects of its Genesis and Manuscript Tradition”, in Vincent de Beauvais and Alexander the Great. Gröningen. Pp. 11–58.
29. Zogg F. (2018) ‘Carmina Vigilii mitte minora, precor’: Die Überlieferung der Appendix Vergiliana im Mittelalter”. Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch, 53, pp. 27–45.

Evdokimova Ludmilla

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article studies the connection between Dante’s Vita nuova and Convivio and focuses on the relation between Beatrice and the donna gentile. The Convivio is used as a starting point to understand Beatrice’s nature and her role in the entire Dantesque corpus. The article outlines the questions arising from the comparison of the two texts (especially regarding the diff erent endings of the love aff air with the donna gentile, and her allegorical or non-allegorical status) and examines the hypothesis proposed by L. Pietrobono about the existence of a lost “fi rst redaction” of the Vita nuova. Admitting the impossibility to solve the incongruities, the author argues that a comparison between the texts is not only reasonable but also necessary, as Dante himself in the Convivio urges his reader to attempt it. Following this, the article moves on to analyse the interconnections between Beatrice and the donna gentile of Convivio, presented by Dante as a “better friend” for him. The study identifi es the common role which Dante assigns to both women in his journey to contemplation and beatitude as the source of contrast between the female fi gures; this assumption is illustrated with textual references. The fi nal section of the paper provides examples of how this thesis can shed light on links and diff erences between the two texts. It is also describes how these examples show how Beatrice and the donna gentile not only embody different ways to attain contemplation and beatitude but also represent two different understandings of contemplation and beatitude, the former focusing on love, the latter on knowledge.

Italian literature, Dante, Vita nuova, Convivio, Beatrice, woman in literature, love and knowledge

1. Arduini B. (2009) “Le implicazioni del Convivio nel corpus dantesco”. Medioevo Letterario D’Italia, 6, pp. 89–116.
2. Barbi M. (1934) “Introduzione”, in G. Busnelli, G. Vandelli (eds) Dante. Convivio. Florence.
3. Barbi M. (1933) “Razionalismo e misticismo in Dante”, in M. Barbi. Problemi di critica dantesca: Seconda serie (1920–1937). Florence. Pp. 1–9, 76–86.
4. Barolini T. (2014) “The Case of the Lost Original Ending of Dante’s ‘Vita Nuova’: More notes toward a critical philology”. Medioevo Letterario d’Italia, 11, pp. 37–43.
5. Corti M. (1983) La felicità mentale. Turin.
6. Guardini R. (1967) Dante. Brescia.
7. Kasatkina T. (2019) Dostoevskij kak filosov i bogoslov: hudojestvennyj sposob vyskazyvanija. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Kasatkina T. (2018) “Smysl iskusstva i sposob bogoslovstvovaniia Dostoevskogo: ‘Muzhik Marei’: kontekstnyi analiz i pristalnoe chtenie” [Signifi cance of art and Dostoevsky’s method of theological reasoning: ‘Muzhik Marei’: contextual analysis and close reading]. Dostoevskii i mirovaia kultura, 3, pp. 12–31 (in Russian).
9. Marti M. (1965) “Vita e morte della presunta doppia redazione della ‘Vita Nuova’”, in Studi in onore di Alfredo Schiaffini, Rome. Vol. 2, pp. 657–669.
10. Nardi B. (1942) “S’ha da credere a Dante o ai suoi critici?”. Cultura Neolatina, 2, pp. 327–333.
11. Pietrobono L. (1954) Saggi Danteschi. Turin.
12. Rossetti G. (1935) La Beatrice di Dante: ragionamenti critici. Imola.

Corbella Caterina

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article discusses the problem of the interpretation of Job. 12. 24–25 in biblical criticism. The aim of the article is to solve the problem of correspondence between the Greek Septuaginal reading (“reconciles” / “changes”) and the Jewish original (“takes the heart”). In this article, it is argued that in the comparison of the Septuagint reading with the Masoretic, the ad patres argument is decisive for the Christian reader since many authoritative church writers quoted the studied verses according to the Greek text. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the intertextual meaning of Job. 12: 24–25 speaks in favour of the Masoretic reading because in other books of the Old Testament one can fi nd direct coincidences with the verses in question. The article discusses the views of biblical scholars of the 19th — 20th centuries who find parallel passages in the Psalter, Isaiah, and write that the quotations from other books of the Old Testament do not contain a theme of change or reconciliation, which makes the Greek translation of Job. 12. 24–25 an exception. The poetic analysis carried out by the author of the article shows that the Septuagintal translation violates certain laws of Biblical parallelism and generates structures not characteristic of the latter, which may be evidence of greater accuracy of the Masoretic text. However, some of the available Targum readings reduce the validity of this argument. In the framework of the analysis of biblical critical literature, the article reveals the correspondence in the Hebrew text between the literal meaning “to lead, take away” and the fi gurative meaning “to deprive of the mind”. In conclusion, the article proposes two hypotheses that could explain how the expression “to deprive of the mind” transformed on the Greek soil into “to change/reconcile the hearts”. The fi rst hypothesis is that the word “changing” should be interpreted metaphorically as “depriving of the mind” following St. Hieronymus and St. Augustine. They made hybrid interpretations on the basis of similar verses in the 12th chapter of the Book of Job. The second hypothesis is that the authors of the Greek text saw the diffi culty of the literal translation and chose the Greek word because in the sense “to reconcile” it combines well with the word “heart”.

Book of Job, Old Testament, Vetus Latina, biblical studies, patrology

1. Clines D. (2002) Job 1–20. Dallas.
2. Desnitskii A. (2007) Poetika bibleiskogo parallelizma [Poetics of Biblical parallelism]. Moscow (in Russian).
3. Driver S., Gray G. (1921) A critical and exegetical commentary on the Book of Job, vol. 1. New York.
4. Hartley J. (1988) The Book of Job. Grand Rapids.
5. Janzen J. (1985) Job. Atlanta.
6. Nadezhkin A. (2015) Povtor v khudozhestvennom iazyke sinopticheskikh Evangelii [Repetition in the language of the Synoptic Gospels]. Nizhnii Novgorod (in Russian).
7. Pope M. (2008) Job: Introduction, translation, and notes. New Haven; London.
8. Rahlfs A. (ed.) (1979) Septuaginta, Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart.
9. Reyburn W. (1992) A handbook on the book of Job. New York.
10. Rizhskii M. (1991) Kniga Iova: Iz istorii bibleiskogo teksta [The Book of Job. From the history of the Biblical text]. Novosibirsk (in Russian).
11. Sacks R. (1997) “The Book of Job: Translation and commentary”. Interpretation, 24, 2.

Nadezhkin Alexei

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article deals with theatricality as a characteristic feature of Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. It studies methods and techniques in creating the theatrical, fictional, illusory element as well as its correlation with the element of real events and circumstances. The theatricality here becomes a property of the life which the characters live because they live as they play. Besides, they make their own reality over the one given to them and see the world in the way they would like to see it. The play can be read as a gradual discovery of the theatrical, artifi cial nature of those pictures of the world which in the beginning is proclaimed by the characters to be an existing reality. Theatricality as a principle of life of the acting characters of the play opens in the verbal intention, imagery and range of metaphors, in acts and in the confi guration of the characters, which comes to be a subject of analysis in this article. For instance, theatricality is created by declamatory fl amboyance of speeches, by pretence, deception, jokes and manipulations that are inherent in the characters’ behaviour. Theatricality manifests itself in their desire to appear and care about their own image, in the presence in each scene of its own “actors” and “spectators”. The theatrical impetus, as a property of characters is most strongly expressed in Cleopatra and Antony. They make an image of their world of unprecedented love and live in it performing the roles they have assumed. The article argues that relationships between the reality and fantasy, the life and performance in the play are ambivalent, and are treated as fundamentally non-differentiated and continuously fl owing into each other. The border between them is finally erased by the death of the hero and heroine. In terms of art and in terms of theater they have won, in real life they die and lose. However, only the spectator knows about this reality. For the heroes, the reality, theater and triumph coincide. The theatre in this play by Shakespeare becomes an all-encompassing category.

Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Cleopatra, Antony, Caesar, theatre, performance, Renaissance, theatricality, illusion, play, theatre within theatre, late plays, problem plays, English drama, drama of 17th century

1. Adelman J. (1973) The Common Liar: An Essay on Antony and Cleopatra. New Haven; London.
2. Bloom H. (1998) The Invention of the Human. New York.
3. Bonjour A. (1962) “From Shakespeare’s Venus to Cleopatra’s Cupid’s”. Shakespeare Survey, 15, pp. 73–80.
4. Cadman D. (2015) ““Quick Comedians”: Mary Sidney, Samuel Daniel and the Theatrum Mundi in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra”. Actes des congrès de la Société française Shakespeare, available at http:// journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/3536 (20.02.2020).
5. Calderwood J. (1971) Shakespearean Metadrama. The Argument of The Play in Titus Andronicus, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Richard II. Minneapolis.
6. Crane M. (2009) “Roman World, Egyptian Earth: Cognitive Difference and Empire in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra”. Comparative Drama, 43, 1, pp. 1–17.
7. Eagleton T. (1967) Shakespeare and Society. New York.
8. Frye N. (1986) Northrop Frye on Shakespeare. New Haven; London.
9. Gibson J. (2000) Squeaking Cleopatra: The Elizabethan Boy Player. Stroud.
10. Goddard H. (1951) The Meaning of Shakespeare. Chicago.
11. Harris J. (1994) “Narcissus in thy Face: Roman Desire and the Diff erence it Fakes in Antony and Cleopatra”. Shakespeare Quarterly, 45, 4, pp. 408–425.
12. Holloway J. (1961) The Story of the Night Studies in Shakespeare’s Major Tragedies. London.
13. Homan S. (1986) Shakespeare’s Theatre of Presence: Language, Spectacle, and the Audience. Lewisburg.
14. Honigmann E. (1976) Shakespeare: Seven Tragedies: The Dramatist’s Manipulation of Response. London.
15. Kiernan P. (1996). Shakespeare’s Theory of Drama. Cambridge.
16. Knight G. (2002) The Emperial Theme. London.
17. Lloyd M. (1962) “Antony and the game of chance”. Journal of English and German Philology, 61, pp. 548–554.
18. Manninen A. (2015) Royal Power and Authority in Shakespeare’s Late Tragedies. Newcastle upon Tyne.
19. Marienstras R. (2012) Shakespeare et le désordre du monde. Paris.
20. Middleton Raysor T. (ed.) (1930) Coleridge’s Shakespearean Criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
21. Ornstein R. (1977) “The Ethic of the Imagination: Love and Art in Antony and Cleopatra”, in M. Rose (ed.) Twentieth Century Interpretations of Antony and Cleopatra. A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey. Pp. 82–98.
22. Righter A. (1969) Shakespeare and the Idea of The Play. London.
23. Schanzer E. (1963) The Problem Plays of Shakespeare. A Study of Julius Caesar, Measure for Measure, Antony and Cleopatra. London.
24. Scherer A. (2010) “Celebrating Idleness: Antony and Cleopatra and Play Theory”. Comparative Drama, 44, 3, pp. 277–297.
25. Smith M. (1966) Dualities in Shakespeare. Toronto.
26. Spencer T. (1961) Shakespeare and the Nature of Man. New York.
27. Van den Berg K. (1985) Playhouse and Cosmos. Shakespearean Theatre as Metaphor. London; Newark; Toronto.

Shevchenko Elizaveta

This paper presents new material for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), the only Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of data on Gammalsvenskby is fi eldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

language documentation, documentary linguistics, fi eld linguistics, endangered language, Swedish dialects, Swedish dialects of Estonia, Gammalsvenskby, dialect dictionary

1. Mankov A. (2014) “Dialekt sela Staroshvedskoe: opyt sostavleniia slovaria ischezaiushchego iazyka (a – brist-bäin)” [The Dialect of Gammalsvenskby: Compiling a Dictionary of an Endangered Language (a — brist-bäin)]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia III: Filologiia, 38, pp. 91‒130 (in Russian).
2. Mankov A. (2019) “Dialekt sela Staroshvedskoe: opyt sostavleniia slovaria neizuchennogo iazyka (laitär — lū)” [The Dialect of Gammalsvenskby: Compiling a Dictionary of an Endangered Language (laitär — lū)]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia III: Filologiia, 60, pp. 104–125 (in Russian).

Mankov Alexander

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The Dictionary of Locutions from Liturgical Books by Protopriest A. Nevostruev, completed in the middle of the 19th century and never published, can be regarded both as a significant achievement of Church Slavonic studies and as a valuable lexicographic source. The manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library. The decrepit state of the manuscript has determined the necessity of its urgent study and edition. The signifi cance of this project is primarily due to the fact that the text of the dictionary is being made accessible to linguists for the fi rst time. The orthography and grammar of the dictionary reflect the linguistic views of the time of its creation and can be of interest for those who study the history of Russian linguistics. The characteristic features of the publication of this Dictionary, the lists of sources, abbreviations and symbols were described in detail in the previous issues of St. Tikhon’s University Review http://periodical.pstgu.ru/ru/series/archive/3. All previously published parts of the Dictionary together with the critical apparatus can be found at the website of the Faculty of Philology at St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities: http://pstgu.ru/faculties/philological/science/proects/slovar-recheniy-iz-bogosluzhebnykh-knig-prot-a-i-nevostrueva/.

Church Slavonic Dictionary, Nevostruev, lexicography, Church Slavonic language, liturgical books, parallel Greek versions, translations of Old Testament

1. Kaluzhnina N., Davydenkova M., Strievskaia O., Seregina E. (eds) (2010) “Slovar’ rechenii iz bogosluzhebnykh knig prot. A. I. Nevostrueva” [“A Dictionary of locutions from liturgical books by Protopriest A. I. Nevostruev”]. Vestnik PSTGU, ser. III: Filologiia, 2010, 1 (19), pp. 29–84 (in Russian).
2. Rahlfs А. (ed.) (1979) Septuaginta. Stuttgart.
3. Rahlfs А., Hanhart R. (eds) (2006) Septuaginta. Stuttgart.

Davydenkova Maria

Kaluzhnina Nadezhda

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Mazurina Natalia

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Strievskaya Olga