St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series III: Philology

This article studies patterns of the type яжемать in Russian and shows the insufficiency of the so-called “word-dependent” (system-oriented) approach to the description of semantics and derivational structure of speech units (Russ. яжемать is originally the phrase я же мать, approximately ‘I’m a mother, in fact’, functioning as a single word in the sentence). According to this approach, words and morphemes are self-sufficient sense-generating entities, and the linguist needs to determine their structural properties correctly defi ning their meaning on the base of these properties. Meanwhile, the representation of the speech process as a certain number of formalsemantic elements organising themselves into self-suffi cient rules is not quite adequate when describing the reason for the occurrence of words and their communicative purpose. Besides, most of these elements and rules are interpreted diff erently by linguists. The diff erence in the interpretation depends on what scientifi c area or a direction the linguist follows. It also depends on the scope of the test material examined by the linguist. The article shows that within the framework of the “word-dependent” approach, there is no common understanding of the essence of a compound word, nor a common approach to the means of forming compounds, nor a common interpretation as to whether certain means of word formation (in particular, lexico-syntactic means) should be regarded as diachronic or synchronic. Therefore, such speech units as яжемать cannot be described consistently either in terms of a word-formation process, nor from the point of view of their belonging to occasional words or common everyday words, nor from the point of view of their diachronic structure. The “word-dependent” approach to communicative phenomena turns out to be insuffi cient. Word-formation per se is not responsible for attributing the meaning to the word. It is the speaker who grants the meaning, and this is relevant not exclusively to the isolated word sign as the speaker is acting within the whole conceivable communicative situation (of a speech act). Only by reproducing the conceivable communicative situation, one can understand the meaning which the speaker attributes to speech units within a certain communicative situation. Besides, one should remember that language signs are never identical to themselves. In this paper, I analyse sources which contain speakers’ metalinguistic reflection on the pattern яжемать. The conclusion is that speakers of Russian have made the language element (initially, the hashtag #яжемать) “responsible” for the sense “mother violating socially acceptable rules of behaviour in favour of her child or in order to defend herself or her child”. Subsequently, this pattern came to be productive not only with regard to ‘mothers’, but also to their children (онжеребёнок), relatives (яжебабка), and, more broadly, to any persons (яжиндивидуум).

compound, means of word formation, lexico-syntactic means of word formation, sense-generating, occasional word, language usage, word-dependent approach, speaker, communication, conceivable communicative situation of speech act

1. Andrejchin L. (1949) Grammatika bolgarskogo iazyka, Moscow (in Russian).
2. Gak V. G. (2000) Teoreticheskaia grammatika francuzskogo iazyka, Moscow (in Russian).
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4. Kamchatnov A. M. (2013) “Lzheimennoie slovoobrazovaniie”. Vestnik Literaturnogo instituta im. A. M. Gor’kogo, 2013, vol. 3, pp. 22–32 (in Russian).
5. Kamchatnov A. M. (2016) “Pon’atiie slovoobrazovatel’nogo otnosheniia v istoricheskom osveshchenii”. Drevn’aia Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki, 2016, vol. 1 (63), pp. 71–80 (in Russian).
6. Kl’uiev E. V. (2002) Rechevaia kommunikatsiia. Uspeshnost’ rechevogo vzaimodejstviia, Moscow (in Russian).
7. Kozinets S. B. (2009) Slovoobrazovatel’naia metafora v russkom iazyke, Moscow (in Russian).
8. Kubr’akova E. S. (1989) “Semantika proizvodnogo slova”. Aspekty semanticheskih issledovanij, Moscow, 1980, pp. 81–155 (in Russian).
9. Mel’chuk I. A. (1995) Russkij iazyk v modeli “Smysl ↔ Tekst”, Moscow; Wienn (in Russian).
10. Nikolina N. A. (2001) “Slovoobrazovaniie (derivatologiia)”. Sovremennyj russkij iazyk. Teoriia. Analiz iazykovych iedinits, vol. 1, 2001, Moscow, pp. 487–534 (in Russian).
11. Novodranova V. F. (2008) Imennoie slovoobrazovaniie v latinskom iazyke i iego otraxheniie v terminologi. Laterculi vocum latinarum et terminorum, Мoscow (in Russian).
12. Paul’ G. (2014) Printsipy istorii iazyka, Moscow (in Russian).
13. Plung’an V. A. (2000) Obshchaia morfologiia. Vvedeniie v problematiku, Moscow (in Russian).
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15. Pozenshtok-H’ussi O. (1997) Bog zastavl’aiet nas govorit’, Moscow (in Russian).
16. Sannikov V. Z. (2002) Russkij iazyk v zerkale iazykovoj igry, Moscow (in Russian).
17. Tikhonov A.N. (1990) Slovooobrazovatel’nyj slovar’ russkogo iazyka, Moscow (in Russian).
18. Travnichek Fr. (1950) Grammatika cheshskogo literaturnogo iazyka, Moscow (in Russian).

Albrekht Fedor

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article provides a description of the experiment “Recording the Sequence of Signs by Memory», which was conducted with the aim of identifying the relationship between the cognitive process and semiotic act from the point of view of two diff erent theoretical models, i.e. the communicative and linguistic. Based on the data obtained, one can argue that the speech component does not participate in the activity of the consciousness (which directly contradicts the language model of speaking / writing). The acts of memorisation, planning, selection of the strategy, problem solving, internal timekeeping during memorisation and presentation of results of memorisation are performed without the participation of words from any language. Any signs, including words, belong to the sphere of semiotic action. Due to the fact that the semiotic action is aimed at changing the external cognitive state of the addressee, the sense formation in the semiotic (communicative) action has an action-related (accomplishmentrelated, influencing) nature. If a sign is not involved in a specifi c communicative act, its value cannot be established. Consequently, the meaning of the elements of the language (taking into account the fact that in the language there is no communicator nor a communicative action) cannot have an understandable meaning (sense). On the contrary, units that do not exist in the language can become signs in a communicative act due to the fact that the semiotic action is being carried out and understood by the one communicating, who is engaged in the indirect infl uencing the other’s consciousness.

cognitive process, semiotic impact, communicative action, experiment, signs, communicative model, language model, sense formation, cognitive state

1. Vdovichenko Andrei V. (2008) Rasstavanie s «iazykom»: Kriticheskaia retrospektiva lingvisticheskogo znaniia, Мoscow (in Russian).
2. Vdovichenko Andrei V. (2016) «O nesamotozhdestvennosti iazykovogo znaka. Prichiny i sledstviia “lingvisticheskogo imiaslaviia”». Voprosy filosofii, 2016, vol. 6, pp. 164–175 (in Russian).
3. Vdovichenko Andrei V., Tarasov Evgenii F. (2017) «Verbal’nye dannye v sostave kommunikativnogo deistviia: iazyk, tekst, avtor, interpretator». Voprosy psikholingvistiki, 2017, vol. 4 (34), pp. 22–39 (in Russian).
4. Vdovichenko Andrei V. (2018) «Aktsional’noe smysloobrazovanie: chto porozhdaetsia i ponimaetsia v estestvennom kommunikativnom protsesse». Voprosy psikholingvistiki, 2018, vol. 3 (37), pp. 112–125 (in Russian).
5. Vdovichenko Andrei V. (2019) «Fakt soznaniia i kommunikativnoe deistvie: kratkii eksperiment». Voprosy psikholingvistiki, 2019, vol. 2 (36), pp. 30-40 (in Russian).
6. Vepreva Irina Т. (2005) Iazykovaia refl eksiia v postsovetskuiu epokhu, Мoscow (in Russian).
7. Zhuravlev Innokentii V., Zhuravleva Iulia V. (2018) «Slovo i ob”ekt (vozmozhna li besslovesnaia mysl’)». Voprosy psikholingvistiki, 2018, vol. 2 (36), pp. 42–57 (in Russian).
8. Kibrik Andrei А. (1994) «Kognitivnye issledovaniia po diskursu». Voprosy iazykoznaniia, 1994, vol. 4, pp. 126–139.
9. Chafe W. (1980)The Pear Stories: Cognitive, Cultural, and Linguistic Aspects of Narrative Production, Norwood.
10. Mazur I., Chmiel A. (2012) «Towards common European audio description guidelines: Results of the Pear Tree Project, Perspectives». Studies in Translatology, 2012, vol. 20 (1), pp. 5–23.

Vdovichenko Andrey

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Þórarinn Eldjárn is one of the few contemporary Icelandic poets who regularly address the themes of Old Icelandic literature in their poems, including poems for children. In Þórarinn’s poems, one can encounter the saga hero Grettir, the legendary first settler Ingólfur Arnason, the poets Egill Skallagrímsson and Snorri Sturluson, mythological fi gures. However, the connections of such elements and the Old Icelandic texts where they come from is not always strong. The poet refers, fi rst and foremost, to the plots and persons that exist in mass consciousness that are diffi cult to trace back to certain literary sources, i.e. to generally important signposts of Icelandic culture. Some meaningful Old Icelandic paraphernalia appear in his poetry only as ready-made signs and symbols (e.g. monuments) or become the author’s own symbols. As a rule, they are transferred into the modern universe or “modernised” by means of the language use (the most prominent examples of “language modernising” are the translations for children of two Eddic poems into modern Icelandic). In certain cases, only the sound of the names of well-known saga characters is relevant, which helps to attract attention to the fact that notions related to the old literature can come to be sounds devoid of any sense to the contemporary reader. Consequently, in place of this emptiness one can build new senses. Þórarinn’s poems also demonstrate the renewal of those signs that are important for Icelanders’ national identity, which is achieved through non-trivial poetic strategies.

Þórarinn Eldjárn, Thorarinn Eldjarn, modern Icelandic poetry, children’s literature, perception of Old Icelandic literature, interpretation, rewriting, Poetic Edda, Sagas of Icelanders

1. Anna Þorbjörg Ingólfsdóttir (2012)«Hávamal. Þórarinn Eldjárn endurorti og Kristin Ragna Gunnarsdóttir myndlýsti». In: Börn og menning. 2012, vol. 27 (1), pp. 36–37.
2. Jón Karl Helgason (2001) Höfundur Njálu, Þræðir úr vestrænni bókmenntasögu. Reykjavík.
3. Guðmundur Hálfdanarson, Gunnar Karlsson (2003) “Þjóðerni og sjálfsmynd”. In: Jón Yngvi Jóhnsson, Kolbeinn Óttrsson Proppé, Sverrir Jakobsson (ed.). Þjóðerni í 1000 ár? Reykjavík.
4. Markelova O. A. Stihi Tourarina El’djartna (vstup. stat’ja i perevod). In: Vestnik PSTGU: Filologija, 58 2019, 111–122 (In Russian).
5. Þórarinn Eldjárn (2011) Hávamál. Mál og menning. Reykjavík.
6. Þórarinn Eldjárn (2008) Kvæðasafn. Vaka-Helgafell.
7. Þórarinn Eldjárn (2000) Óðfl uga. Reykjavík.
8. Þórarinn Eldjárn (2005) Völuspá. Reykjavík.

Markelova Olga

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This publication presents a translation of seven poems from the so-called Codex visionum, kept in Bodmer’s collection of the papyri (Pap. Bodmer 30–36). The Codex originates from a library of a Pachomian monastery in Egypt. These are small poems on Christian topics written in hexametres (only one poem — To the Righteous — is written in elegiac distichs). Some of them contain an alphabetic acrostic. All these poems apparently date from the 4th century, but could also be written by diff erent authors in different times. All the authors seem to have obtained a thorough school education, all of them are familiar with common rhetorical techniques, e.g. with the ethopoeia. As regards the content, all these poems are united by strict asceticism reaching as far as dualism, and by the idea of necessity of suff ering for Christ, perhaps non martyric, but monastic. This collection sheds light on the mentality of the educated people of the 4th century who devoted themselves to monasticism.

Codex visionum, papyri, Bodmer’s collection of papyri, poem, hexametre, ethopoeia, monastic literature, Early Christian poetry, Late Ancient literature

1. Alexandrova T. (transl., comment.) (2019) “Videnie Dorofeia (Pap. Bodmer, 29)” [Visio Dorothei (Pap. Bodmer, 29]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia III: Filologiia, 2019, no. 59, pp. 57–72 (in Russian).
2. Hurst A., Reverdin O., Rudhardt J. (1984) Papyrus Bodmer XXIX, Vision de Dorothéos. Cologny; Genéve.
3. Hurst A., Rudhardt J. (eds.) (1999) Papyri Bodmer XXX–XXXVII: «Codex des Visions»: poè mes divers (Bibliotheca Bodmeriana). München.
4. Kessels A., Van der Horst P. (eds.) (1987) “The Vision of Dorotheus (Pap. Bodmer 29)”. Vigiliae Christianae, 1987, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 313–359.
5. Livrea E. (ed.) (2004) “Dorothei Laudes Domini Jesu (P. Bodmer XXII)”. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 147, 2004, pp. 39–43.
6. Miguélez-Cavero L. (2013) “Rhetoric for a Christian Community: the poems of the Codex visionum”, in The Purpose of Rhetoric in Late Antiquity. Tübingen, 2013, pp. 91–122.
7. Robinson J. (2013) The Story of the Bodmer Papyri. From the First Monastery’s Library in Upper Egypt to Geneva and Dublin. Cambridge.

Alexandrova Tatiana

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This publication contains a fragment of the French-Russian Thesaurus of Religious Lexis that covers the language of Catholicism and Orthodoxy (and, to a lesser extent, Protestantism)

religious lexis, french-russian dictionary, catholicism, orthodoxy, sacrament, Eucharisti

Zhukovskaya Nadezda

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This paper presents new material for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), the only Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of data on Gammalsvenskby is fi eldwork with speakers of the dialect. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way possible and to describe the state of the vocabulary and inflection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of inflection; translation; phrases, sentences and short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

language documentation, documentary linguistics, fi eld linguistics, endangered language, Swedish dialects, Swedish dialects of Estonia, Gammalsvenskby, dialect dictionary

1. Lagman H. (1971) Svensk-estnisk språkkontakt. Stockholm.
2. Mankov A. (2012) «Slovoizmenenie glagolov v dialekte sela Staroshvedskoe». Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia III: Filologiia, 2012, 28, pp. 7‒25 (in Russian).
3. Mankov A. (2014) «Dialekt sela Staroshvedskoe: opyt sostavleniia slovaria ischezaiushchego iazyka (a – brist-bäin)». Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia III: Filologiia, 2014, 38, pp. 91‒130 (in Russian).
4. Mankov A. (2016) «Dialekt sela Staroshvedskoe: opyt opisaniia morfologii neizuchennogo iazyka. Imia sushchestvitel’noe (tip m. 3)». Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriia 9: Filologiia. 2016, 2, pp. 115–134 (in Russian).
5. Mankov A. (2018) «Slavonic Loanwords in the Dialect of Gammalsvenskby». Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv, 2018, pp. 29–74.
6. Tiberg N. (1962) Estlandssvenska språkdrag, Lund, 1962.

Mankov Alexander

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This study was carried out in 2019 as part of the project " The Dialect of Gammalsvenskby" supported by the Foundation for the Development of St. Tikhon's University for the Humanities. I am also grateful to Tamara Torstendahl-Salytjeva, without whose help this research would be impossible.

The Dictionary of Locutions from Liturgical Books by protopriest A. Nevostruev, completed in the middle of the 19th century and never published, can be regarded both as a significant achievement of Church Slavonic studies and as a valuable lexicographic source. The manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library. The decrepit state of the manuscript has determined the necessity of its urgent study and edition. The significance of this project is primarily due to the fact that the text of the dictionary is being made accessible to linguists for the fi rst time. The orthography and grammar of the dictionary refl ect the linguistic views of the time of its creation and can be of interest for those who study the history of Russian linguistics. This paper contains another part of dictionary entries beginning in letter N. The characteristic features of the publication of this Dictionary, the lists of sources, abbreviations and symbols were described in detail in the previous issues of St. Tikhon’s University Review. All previously published parts of the Dictionary together with the critical apparatus can be found at the website of the Faculty of Philology at St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities: http://pstgu.ru/faculties/philological/science/slov_Nevostr/

Church Slavonic Dictionary, Nevostruev, lexicography, Church Slavonic language, liturgical books, parallel Greek versions, translations of Old Testament

1. Rahlfs А. (ed.) (1979) Septuaginta, Stuttgart.
2. Rahlfs А., Hanhart R. (eds.) (2006) Septuaginta, Stuttgart.

Davydenkova Maria

Kaluzhnina Nadezhda

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Strievskaya Olga

Mazurina Natalia

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Strievskaya Maria