Kusmaul’ Svetlana

Evolution of the Functions of the Kamora Sign In Liturgical Books from the Late 16th To the First Half of the 17th Centuries

Abstract

This paper deals with the evolution of functions of a circumfl ex sign in liturgical books of Musсovian Rus’ of the end of the 16th – fi rst half of the 17th centuries. The transition from one principle of the use of kamora to the other was connected with the history of book emendation in the fi rst half of the 17th century. Each group of emendators that replaced one another at Moscow Print Yard had their own approach to the kamora. In editions of Ivan Fedorov and Andronik Nevezha dating from the late 16th and the early 17th centuries, kamora is used alongside the sign of varia or no sign at all above monosyllabic words; this is conditioned by the preceding manuscript tradition. At the beginning of the 1620s, the emendators were Arsenii Glukhoi and Antonii Krylov, who systematised the use of accentual signs above monosyllabic words. The kamora wins the competition and is placed above the aforementioned words except се, то, та, все, но and ни, above which the varia is placed. At the second half of the 1630s, the team of emendators changed. Instead of Arsenii and Antonii, deceased by that time, Shestak Martem’ianov, Zakhar Afanas’ev, Elder Savvatii, Ivan Nasedka, Mikhail Rogov begin to work as emendators. The kamora, according to recommendations of East-Slavonic grammars, appears in diand trisyllabic words above “long” stressed vowels in ultimate and penultimate syllables, if they are in the neighbourhood of syllables with “short” vowels. Such use of the kamora has no phonetic value in a Slavonic language and is an imitation of Greek spelling. In the 1640s, a signifi cant change in the usage principle of the kamora takes place. First, it is replaced with varia in monosyllabic and polysyllabic words, above which it occurred during the period of the 1620–1630s. Second, the kamora comes to be used above masculine and feminine nouns in the genitive plural that terminates in -ъ, which was due to the orientation towards the Greek grammar; moreover, the kamora could occur above the letter w as well. Masculine nouns contrast genitive pl. forms with nominative sg., whereas feminine nouns do not develop such distinction. This is a nascent principle of antistikh, i.e. the contrast between homonymic morphological forms. However, such marking of nouns in the genitive plural established the base for kamora acquiring the function of eliminating morphological homonymy. This paper also examines the competition of the kamora with other accentual marks, oksia and varia. In mid-17th century, oksia and varia acquired functions of main accentual signs (oksia in an- and inlaut, varia in auslaut above the ultimate stressed vowel), while kamora becomes an additional accentual mark used in the plural in order to eliminate morphological homonymy.

Keywords

history of Church Slavonic spelling, old printing editions, diacritics, kamora

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Kusmaul’ Svetlana