St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series III: Philology

The paper discusses two approaches to the automatic lexico-grammatical tagging of the Middle Russian texts (1400–1700), included in the Russian National Corpus (RNC). The task is to assign each token a part of speech label, a tuple of grammatical features, and a lemma (without disambiguation). Middle Russian combines, on the one hand, features of the earlier state of the grammatical system, including aorist and imperfect verb forms, the dual number, a number of archaic inflectional paradigms, and, on the other hand, features of modern Russian inflectional morphology. In lexicon, we can see the same mix of Old Russian and Modern Russian lemmas. Moreover, the texts can contain Church Slavonic and dialectal forms. Absence of a standardised orthography and absence of a standard variant pose even more challenges to processing Middle Russian texts. The first approach is based on writing an electronic dictionary of Old Russian and building a module to handle spelling inconsistency. In the absence of open electronic resources for Middle Russian morphology, an electronic dictionary of Church Slavonic was expanded and adapted to Middle Russian. The paper describes the steps required to change nominal and verbal entries in this dictionary. We follow the principle of «a wider expansion» which presupposes that the analyser is allowed to generate as many annotations as possible so that at least one annotation would be correct. The second approach uses, firstly, an existing Modern Russian tagger supplemented by the module reducing spelling variation, and secondly, a database of lexico-grammatical annotations retrieved from the Diachronic corpus of the RNC. We evaluate the output of both analysers against a manually annotated test data. We also discuss the benchmark scores and outline future prospects for the development of the Middle Russian taggers.

Middle Russian, Russian National Corpus, lexico-grammatical tagging, morphological analysis, grammatical dictionary, spelling variation, nominal infl ection, verb infl ection.

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Gavrilova Tat'iana

The paper examines how the lexis of Church Slavonic origin and the lexis of similar semantic domains are reflected in monolingual dictionaries of the Russian language. The following two questions are dealt with: 1) What tokens are employed in the dictionaries to indicate the Church Slavonic origin of the word and the ecclesiastical sphere of its usage? 2) Do different dictionaries give a similar treatment to the status of the lexis which belongs to ecclesiastical and theological spheres? We have selected for analysis the following dictionaries: Slovar' Akademii Rossiiskoi (Dictionary of the Russian Academy), Slovar' tserkovno-slavianskogo i russkogo iazyka (Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian language, 1847), Slovar' russkogo iazyka sostavlennyi vtorym otdeleniem imperatorskoi akademii nauk (Dictionary of the Russian language compiled by the Second Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (by Grot and Shakhmatov), Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo iazyka (Dictionary of the Russian language) by D. N. Ushakov, Tolkovyi slovar' russkogo iazyka by S. I. Ozhegov and N.Iu. Shvedova, Slovar' russkogo iazyka (Dictionary of the Russian language) by A.P. Evgen'eva, Slovar' sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo iazyka (Dictionary of the contemporary Russian literary language), Novyi tolkovo-slovoobrazovatel'nyi slovar' russkogo iazyka (New dictionary of word definitions and word formation, by T. F. Efremova). With the following entries as examples: агнец ‘Lamb’, благоговение ‘awe, reverence’, благоволение ‘grace, benevolence’, душа ‘soul’, душеполезный ‘edifi catory’, единородный ‘only-begotten’, скорбеть ‘grieve’ we have illustrated how the tokens are placed, what character they have, how these meanings occur in the dictionaries in question. As a result, we have come to the conclusion that the Church Slavonic and the semantically adjacent lexis is not regarded as belonging to the bulk of the contemporary Russian language. It is considered as either obsolete/obsolescent, or (as is the case with единородный) does not have proper stylistic tokens.

modern Russian language, vocabulary, lexicography, dictionaries, lexicographical tokens, Slavonicism, obsolete lexis, Christianity as a semantic fi eld

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Litvintseva Kristina

V. M. Tolmatchoff analizes a reception by a Russian symbolist poet Aleksandr Blok of Henrik Ibsen’s personality, poetry, dramas. The material of his research is a development’s of Ibsen theme in the articles, letters, public statements of Blok; underlines in a copy of the Russian edition of Ibsen’s «Complete Work» (Moscow, 1904–1907, v.1–8) from Blok’s home library; quotations from Ibsen in the lyrics and poetical dramas of Blok; Blok’s adaptation of Ibsen’s imagery in his creative needs; Blok’s reference to Ibsen as an instrument of his own creative self-identification. The article estimates an originality of Blok’s estimation of Ibsen in comparison with other Russian symbolists (Andrey Belij etc.) In a most detailed way the correspondances between «Katilina», «Peer Gynt» / «The Canto of Fate» (Peer Gynt / German; Solveyg / Elena; Fury / Faina), «Brand», «The Master Builder» / «The Twelve» are viewed. In V. M. Tolmathcoff’s opinion, a common both to «Brand» and «The Twelve» is a theme of search of a new God. It is interpreted by both writers in a vein of man-godness and has an implicitly anti-Christian character. Jesus Christ in Blok’s «The Twelve» is a God Unknown, alter ego of the poet himself, Jesus Christ only in appearance.

Aleksandr Blok, Henrik Ibsen, Russian ibsenism, a copy of the Russian edition of Ibsen’s «Complete Work» from the library of Blok with his underlines, estimation of Blok’s appreciation of Ibsen in context of the Russian symbolism, direct and indirect quo

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Tolmachev Vasilii

Davydenkova Mariia

In this paper we continue to publish materials for the dictionary of the present-day dialect of Staroshvedkoye (Gammalsvenskby), which is the only surviving Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The present-day state of this dialect has not been described in linguistic literature. The only source of the factual material is oral interviews with speakers of the dialect recorded by the author during his trips to the village. The main objective of this work is to present material recorded in the interviews in the most complete way and to show the real state of the vocabulary and infl ection in the dialect. The entries include the following information: type of infl ection; translation; phrases, sentences or short texts illustrating the usage (with initials of the informants). In many cases full paradigms are given as well. They include all phonetic and morphological forms that have occurred in the interviews.

language documentation, documentary linguistics, fi eld linguistics, endangered language, Swedish dialects, Swedish dialects of Estonia, Gammalsvenskby, dialect dictionary

Man'kov Aleksandr

The poetical «Martyrdom of St. Cyprian» written by the Empress Eudocia survived in the only manuscript dating from the 11th century. Out of the three parts known to us in a sort of abstract given by Photius, only two survived, the second, however, incompletely. The first 99 verses of this poem contained in the same manuscript were preserved separately and were published a century later than the main part. It is widely believed that the poem is nothing more than a paraphrase of an earlier Life, but it becomes clear now that the saints themselves are non-historical personages and their veneration was not yet established at the time when the poem was being written. However, the poem might be the earliest rendering of a legend that had existed before and might represent a compilation and re-making of a variety of diverse sources, whereas prosaic versions of the Life have appeared as a result of school use of the poem originally composed by Eudocia.

Eudocia Augusta, Empress, «The Martyrdom of St. Cyprian», Cyprian of Antioch, Justina, Cyprian of Cartage, Photius, Theodosius II, poem, Late Ancient literature, Byzantine literature, Christianity.

Aleksandrova Tat'iana