St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series III: Philology

The legend of the vineyard which belonged to the widow of Theognost appears in the Lives of St. John Chrysostom in the middle of the 7th century, and since that time it has become an indispensable part of his hagiography. It is one of both the most vivid and the most controversial hagiographic narratives of the saint. The legend says that the empress Eudoxia misappropriated the vineyard of a poor widow. The widow asked St. John Chrysostom to help her, and he demanded that Eudoxia should return the vineyard. But the empress was already angry with St. John for his accusations of avarice; she wanted to revenge on him and refused to return the vineyard. After that St. John rebuked her, comparing her with the impious biblical queen Jezebel. The empress, being insulted, strove to depose the saint. This legend, associated first of all with the biblical narration of the vineyard of Naboth, is still continuing to arouse scholars’ interest. So far they have not arrived at an agreement as to the trustworthiness of this narration. The paper examines two opposing points of view on this problem and evaluates them by means of the analysis of historical sources.

St. John Chrysostom’s Hagiography, the legend of the widow’s vineyard, the empress Eudoxia

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3. Brandle R. Ioann Zlatoust. Propovednik, episkop, muchenik (John Chrysostom. Preacher, Bishop, Martyr), Moscow, 2006.
4. Broc-Schmezer C. 2003 “Les Peres de l'Eglise et les femmes”, in Actes du colloque de La Rochelle 6 et 7 septembre 2003, pp. 150-168.
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7. Kazenina-Pristanskova E. T. Zolotye usta. Zhizn i trudy Ioanna Zlatousta (Golden Mouth. Life and Works of St. John Chrysostom). Rovno, 2003.
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Balakhovskaia Aleksandra

According to some scholars, the passive language competence (the knowledge of Standard Italian) could be stimulated by the practice of collective reading of texts of administrative, literary or journalistic character. The most productive was the collective reading of texts in Italian during winter vigils in a village; these vigils were called “philos” in certain areas. The author has carried out a number of interviews with participants of such “philos”. They are rural residents born in the 1920s and 1930s. On the basis of these interviews the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The transition from the written language to the oral by means of the collective reading during village vigils served until the recent past as an instrument of spreading Italian among the population whose language was predominantly dialects. 2. The passive (as well as the active) command of Italian was related to the spread of education but had started to develop long before.

1. Antonelli G. Tipologia linguistica delgenere epistolare nelprimo Ottocento. Sondaggisulle lettere familiari di mittenti colti, Roma, 2003.
2. Bruni F. 1997 “Introduzione”, in L'italiano nelle regioni, Torino, 1997, vol. 1 (Lingua nazionale e identity regionali), p. XXXII.
3. Castellani A. 1982 “Quanti erano gl'italofoni nel 1861?”, in Studi linguistici italiani, vol. 8, 1982, pp. 3-26.
4. Librandi R. 2006 “La lingua della Chiesa”, in Lingua e identity. Una storia sociale dell'italiano, Roma, 2006, p. 127; La letteratura religiosa, Bologna, 2012, pp. 92-93.
5. Mauro T., de. Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1963.
6. Messerli A. 2007 “Vom imaginaren zum realen Leser. Zur Bedeutung des Vorlesens im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert”, in Chartier Id. R. (ed.). Scripta volant, verba manent, Basel, 2007, pp. 243-270.
7. Sanga G., Rosalio R. 1976 “Un lettore popolare”, in Leydi R., Pianta B. (eds.) Brescia e il suo territorio, Milano, 1976, pp. 275-281.
8. Arrigoni M. A. 1989 “Un lettore popolare durante il fascism”, in La ricerca folklorica, 1989, vol. 20, pp. 121-124.
9. Serianni L. 2002 “Lingua e dialetti d'ltalia nellapercezione dei viaggiatori sette-ottocenteschi”, in Serianni L. Viaggiatori, musicisti, poeti. Saggi di storia della lingua italiana, Milano, 2002, pp. 55-88.

Kolombo Mikele

Due to the ongoing process of rapid decrease in the number of spoken languages, the most important task of linguistics today is to document and describe endangered languages (Dixon 1997: 144; see also Crauss 1992; Crystal 2000). Among issues associated with endangered languages one of the most linguistically significant is structural changes taking place in such languages (Campbell, Muntzel 1989; Palosaari, Campbell 2011). The general question is: what is going on with phonetics, morphology, syntax and vocabulary of an endangered language? Studying changes which take place in endangered languages, one should distinguish between those which are caused by internal factors and those caused by extralinguistic factors. For example, innovations which appear by analogy or due to contamination are found in any language and should not necessarily be caused by insuffi cient language competence. On the other hand, the rapid increase in the number of such forms and in the frequency of free variation (in morphology the situation when the same grammatical meaning is expressed by several forms which are interchangeable and occur without any regularity) may be caused by certain external factors. The paper describes linguistic situation in the village of Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine, where a Scandinavian dialect is preserved by a number of elderly people. This dialect is represented by several varieties, which are accounted for by different levels of language competence of its speakers. The main types of speakers of endangered languages, distinguished on the basis of the language competence, are fluent speakers, semi-speakers, terminal speakers (Dorian 1977; Grinevald, Bert 2011); all these types are present in Gammalsvenskby. The dialect should not be likened to a uniform standard language, and its description should not be restricted to the most conservative variety. This variety serves as a starting point in the research, while material obtained from less conservative speakers provides opportunity for comparison and allows us to study structural changes taking place in the dialect. The paper discusses examples of change in the following segments of morphology: personal pronouns (cf. Mankov 2011), infi nitive and present tense of weak verbs of types 1a and 1b (Mankov 2012), imperative; some characteristics of the vocabulary are examined as well. The basic feature of the less conservative speakers is high frequency of free variation. Free variation exists in the conservative variety of the dialect as well. However, the occurrence of forms there is quite predictable, whereas the occurrence of forms in the speech of less conservative speakers becomes unpredictable. Besides, not only does the number of forms not decrease, it increases. Despite the diversity of variation, only a limited number of morphemes take part in it. In the present tense the following endings take part in the variation: -r, -ar, -ar, -a, -O. All these endings occur in the conservative variety as well and are not specific to any group of the speakers. The list of basic morphemes is restricted, which allows us to speak of the varieties of the same dialect, not of diff erent dialects.

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2. Campbell L., Muntzel M. C. 1989, in Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death, Cambridge, 1989, pp. 181-196.
3. Crystal D. Language Death, Cambridge, 2000.
4. Crauss M. 1992, in Language, vol. 68, pp. 4-10.
5. Dixon R. M. W. The Rise and Fall of Languages, Cambridge, 1997.
6. Dorian N. 1977, in International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 12, pp. 23-32.
7. Grinevald C., Bert M. 2011, in The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, Cambridge, 2011, pp. 45-65.
8. Mankov A. 2011, in Vestnik PSTGU, vol. 25, pp. 37-54.
9. Mankov A. 2012, in Vestnik PSTGU, vol. 28, pp. 7-25.
10. O'Shannessy C. 2011, in The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, Cambridge, 2011, pp. 78-99.
11. Palosaari N., Campbell L. 2011, in The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, Cambridge, 2011, pp. 100-119.
12. Pisarevskiy G. 1899, Russkiy vestnik, vol. 3, p. 249.

Man'kov Aleksandr

The article deals with the linguistic and stylistic traits of “The Praises of the Virgin Mary”, a poetic text written in North Italy (more precisely, in Verona) at the end of the 13th century. The article aims at studying the relationship of this monument to the Italian medieval tradition of religious poetry in general and to the lauda genre in particular. In the first section of the article the main characteristics of the lauda genre are briefly discussed. The lauda is described in a wider context of 13th and 14th century Italian religious poetry. The author discusses the influence of the scholarly and popular cultural traditions upon the vernacular religious poetry, the combination of written and oral components in the texts, the linguistic influence of the Bible and of the medieval sermons on this kind of poems, the balance between ecclesiastical Latin and Romance dialects in the texts, and, lastly, the influence of the courtly poetic tradition (and of the secular culture as a whole) upon the religious poetry. In the second section two manuscripts transmitting «The Praises of the Virgin Mary» are analysed. The author briefly describes the cultural context surrounding this literary monument, as well as its metrical form, whereas the linguistic and stylistic features of the text are studied in greater detail. The latter include a mixture of Latin and Romance elements (in this regard, some graphic peculiarities in the manuscripts are examined), fixed formulas (which are, inter alia, references to “authorities”, tautological repetitions and elaborations, repeated metaphors, epithets and comparisons) and lexical elements loaned from the courtly poetic tradition. The complex nature of the text — i. e. the presence of several linguistic and stylistic layers in it — makes it a valuable textual witness of a complex and unstable linguistic situation in Italy in a period when there was yet no established written literary tradition in Italo-Romance, but the long and slow process of the national language formation had already commenced.

history of language, Italo-Romance, religious poetry, lauda, medieval manuscript , «The Praises of the Virgin Mary»

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2. Ageno F. 1959, in Lettere italiane, Firenze, 1959, vol. 9, pp. 397-410.
3. Alisova T. B., Chelysheva I. I. Istorja ital'janskogo jazyka otpervyh pamjatnikov do XVI veka (History of the Italian language from the first texts to the 14th century), Moscow, 2009.
4. Avalle D'A. S. Ai luoghi di delizia pieni. Saggio sulla lirica italiana del XIII secolo, Milano, Napoli, 1977.
5. Baldelli I. 1977, in Francesco d'Assisi e francescanesimo dal 1216 al 1226. Atti del 4 Convegno internazionale: Assisi, 15-17 ottobre 1976, Assisi, pp. 75-99.
6. Baldelli I. 1996. Francescanesimo in volgare, secoli XIII-XIV. Atti del 24 Convegno internazionale, Assisi, 17-19 ottobre 1996, Spoleto, pp. 3-39.
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9. Bartholomaeis V., de. Laude drammatiche e rappresentazioni sacre, Firenze, 1943.
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13. Canettieri P. Iacopone e la poesia religiosa del Duecento, Milano, 2001.
14. Chelysheva I. I. Jazykovaja norma i jesteticheskj kanon (Standard language and aesthetic canon), Moscow.
15. Coletti V. Parole dal pulpito. Chiesa e movimenti religiosi tra latino e volgare nell'Italia del Medioevo e del Rinascimento, Marietti, 1983.
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17. Davy M-M. Initiation a la symbolique romane: XIIe siècle, Paris, 1964.
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22. Folena G. Culture e lingue nel Veneto medieval, Padova, 1990.
23. Leonardi L. 1997, in Francescanesimo in volgare, secoli XIII-XIV. Atti del 24 Convegno internazionale, Assisi, 17-19 ottobre 1996, Spoleto, pp. 97-141.
24. Leonardi L., Santi F. 1995, in Storia della letteratura italiana, Roma, vol. 1, pp. 339-404.
25. Lomazzi A., Renzi L. 1976, in Storia della cultura veneta, Vicenza, vol. 1, pp. 602-632.
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27. Mussafia A. Monumenti antichi di dialetti italiani, Vienna, 1864.
28. Pasero N. Laudes creaturarum. Il cantico di Francesco d'Assisi, Parma, 1992.
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35. Suitner F. Iacopone da Todi. Poesia, mistica, rivolta nell'Italia del medioevo, Roma, 1999.
36. Toschi P. La poesia popolare religiosa in Italia, Firenze, 1935.
37. Varanini G. 1994, in Lingua e letteratura italiana dei primi secoli, Pisa, vol. 1, pp. 159-172, 173-184.
38. Varanini G. Laude dugenteshe, Padova, 1972.
39. Zumthor P. La lettre et la voix, Paris, 1987.

Zvonareva Alina

A small number of plays written by R.B. Sheridan and the close limits of the period of his active work sometimes tend to overshadow the wide range of comic genres presented in his dramatic heritage. The creator of «the most finished and faultless comedy which we have» (as William Hazlitt called The School for Scandal), Sheridan was no less skilful at writing «short» (or «brief») drama. This side of his dramatic talent claims our special attention. Its importance is emphasized in the article which is particularly devoted to the analysis of Sheridan’s farce St. Patrick’s Day, or The Scheming Lieutenant (1775). In Britain the word «farce» came into general use during the Restoration period, when farcical pieces became widely spread, commonly functioning as «afterpieces». The term had no strict defi nition and was interpreted in different ways. Yet among the diversity of its different applications the two main tendencies may be marked out. In the first place farce presented a generalized genre model, lying at the bottom of the total majority of the irregular «short» genres, close to parody, burlesque and satire. On the other hand, the term was also applied to the specimens of the so-called «brief comedy», which appeared as a «concise» parallel to the 5-act comedy. It is the latter model which was realized in Sheridan’s farce under discussion. Taking it into account, the author of the article analyzes St. Patrick’s Day against the background of 17th and 18th centuries’ «short comedy» tradition. The most signifi cant genre characteristics are brought to light on the levels of plot, character system and style. As regards the play’s comic dialogue, its close relation to the Rococo style in combination with neoclassical tendencies is emphasized. The substitution of words in dialogue (or quo pro quo device) is paid special attention in the article along with some other features of comic speech. Comparative study of the former’s functions in comedies and farces by Moliere, Murphy and Sheridan helps to define more accurately characteristics of style peculiar to different trends in European comic drama of the 17th and 18th centuries. Such study provides a basis for determining the place of St. Patrick’s Day in Sheridan’s dramatic career as well as in the history of European «short» dramatic forms.

R. B. Sheridan, farce, short (brief) comedy, humour, comic dialogue, Rococo style, neoclassical style

1. Andreev L. G. (ed.) Zarubezhnaja literatura vtorogo tysjacheletija. 1000—2000 (The Foreign Literature of the Second Thousand Years. 1000-2000), Moscow, 2001.
2. Bekket S. V ozhidanii Godo (Waiting for Godot), Moscow, 1998.
3. Filding G. Farsy (Farces), Moscow, 1980.
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8. Mol'er. Sobranie sochinenj (Collected Works), Moscow, 1957.
9. Murphy Arthur. The Way to Keep Him and Five Other Plays, New York, 1956.
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Chesnokova Tat'iana

The paper examines the agreement of Russian quantifying expressions which include the word проценты ‘per cent’ with the verb. Based on data of the National Corpus of the Russian language from the period of 2000–2010, the author analyses the frequency of the plural and singular agreement. The paper considers main factors which infl uence the number of the verb. These are the factors that favour plural predicates (agreed attribute, attributive clause, the animacy of subject, conjunct predicates, adjectival or predicate noun, compound verbal predicate, active voice, etc.) and the factors that favour singular predicates (precedence, inanimate subject, passive voice, etc.)The author concludes that in the expressions in question the behaviour of the predicate is similar to its behaviour in other quantifying expressions (e. g. Десять студентов сдали экзамен): the frequency of the plural agreement is high, and both kinds of expressions show the impact of the same factors as to the choice of the predicate. However, in expressions containing the word проценты the quantity (the meaning of the numeral) and factors which emphasise the quantitative meaning of the subject have no eff ect on the choice of the predicate because the subject is considered partitive and contains the plural noun проценты, which tends to favour the plural predicate.

1. Corbett G. G. Agreement in Slavic, Bloomington, 1998.
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8. Rozental D. E. Spravochnik po pravopisanju i literaturnoj pravke (Reference Book for Orthography and Literary Correction), Moscow, 2010.
9. Skoblikova E. S. Soglasovanije i upravlenje v russkom jazyke (Concordance and Direction in Russian Language), Moscow, 2005.
10. Suprun A. E. Slavjanskje chislitelnyje (Stanovlenije chislitelnyh kak osoboj chasti rechi) (Slavic Numerals (Formation of Numerals as Particular Part of Speech)), Leningrad, 1965.

Kuvshinskaia Iuliia

In the “Old Slavonic Book of the Helmsman [Kormchaya Kniga] of Fourteen Titles without Commentary” (vol. 2) there is a text that on the basis of its preamble might be called “Replies of the Patriarch of Constantinople Nicholas III Grammatikos to the questions of monks of the Holy Mount Athos». The paper examines this monument of the Byzantine ecclesiastical thought. The text was written in the literary genre known as Erotapokriseis (questions and replies). This genre appeared in the classical literary tradition and was widespread in the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Christian countries. The text of the Patriarch Nicholas III Grammatikos’ canonical replies to the questions of the Athonitic monks consists of 27 questions and answers. It has a complex manuscript tradition. Seven editions of various versions are available at the moment. However, the text is studied insuffi ciently. The paper includes the description of the Canonical replies with a survey of editions, the translation into Russian, the analysis of the canonical content and the attempt to establish sources used by the Patriarch. The main aim of the research is the reconstruction of the manuscript tradition of the extant Greek original along with the Slavonic translation. The relevance of the present research is determined by the lack of scholarly works on the manuscript tradition and canonical content of the text.

Byzantine literature, Questions and Replies, canonical texts, the Patriarch of Constantinople Nicholas III Grammatikos

Anashkin Anton

The publication contains the third (and the last) part of entries beginning in the letter D (Russian Д). Characteristic features of the edition of the Dictionary, lists of abbreviations as well as explanatory notes were given in detail in the preceding issues of the journal. The present publication gives lists of sources and notation forms because some alterations have been made in them.

Church Slavonic Language, lexicography, church service, hymnography, Protopriest A. Nevostruyev

Davydenkova Mariia