St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

In 1906‒1907, due to his articles with severe criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church, A. V. Kartashev became one of the leaders of the movement for a radical church reform in Russia. This paper raises the question about how it came to be possible that Kartashev accepted the doctine of “Neochristianity” about the “sanctity of flesh” and supported it for more than ten years. The range of topics of the articles of 1906‒1907 in the newspaper Strana refl ected a stage of Kartashev’s personal evolution from “apprenticeship” in “Neochristianity” to independent conclusions as to the accents of the church reform that the country needs after implementing constitutional reforms. Based on the material of Kartashev’s essayism of 1906‒1907 and conceptual formulae of the “new religious consciousness”, this paper shows that during these years Kartashev denied the possibility of renovation of the Russian church in many respects, nevertheles combining his criticism with love for Christianity and belief in its social prospects. The paper also sheds light on Kartashev’s relations with representatives of the “left wing” in the movement for church reform and the reason for latter being criticised by “Neochristians”.

Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev, newspaper Strana, “new religious consciousness”, history of the Russian church, criticism of church, church reformers, socio-religious search, theocracy, church and progress

1. Bychkov S. (1998) “Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev. Gody stanovleniia lichnosti uchenogo (1875–1906)” [Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev. Formative Years of the Scholar’s Personality (1875–1906)]. Vestnik Omskogo universiteta, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 62–65 (in Russian).
2. Egorov A. (2010) “Kartashev Anton Vladimirovich”, in V. Shelokhaev (ed.) Rossiiskii liberalizm serediny XVIII — nachala XX veka [Russian Liberalism of the Mid — 18th — Early 20th Centuries]. Moscow, рp. 397–400 (in Russian).
3. Sakharov A. (1998) “Apostol «Sviatoi Rusi» (Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev)” [Apostle of “Holy Rus’” (Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev)]. Otechestvennaia istoriia, 1998, vol. 5, pp. 89–107 (in Russian).
4. Sukhova N. (2016) “Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev: popytka khristianskogo osmysleniia istorii” [Anton Vladimirovich Kartashev: An Attempt at Christian Understanding of History]. Tserkov’. Bogoslovie. Istoriia. Materialy IV Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-bogoslovskoi konferentsii [Church, Theology. History. Collection of Papers from the 4th International Scientifi c Conference in Theology]. Ekaterinburg, pp. 322–330 (in Russian).
5. Vorontsova I. (2006) “Uchastie A. V. Kartasheva v religioznom dvizhenii «neokhristian» i evoliutsiia ego vzgliadov na «istoricheskuiu» Tserkov’ (po pis’mam 1906–1907 gg.)” [A. V. Kartashev’s Participation in the Religious Movement of “Neochristians” and Evolution of his Views on the “Historical” Church (Based on Letters of 1906‒1907)]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. I: Istoriia. Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi, 2006, vol. 20, pp. 27–46 (in Russian).
6. Vorontsova I. (2008) Russkaia religiozno-fi losofskaia mysl’ v nachale XX veka [Russian Religious and Philosophical Thought in the Early 20th Century]. Moscow (in Russian).

Vorontsova Irina

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article deals with events that took place in Kazan diocese in April — July, 1908. Their central fi gure is head of Kazanskaya Bogoroditskaya Sedmiozerskaya Pustyn’, archimandrite Gavriil (Zyrianov). The accusation of Revd. Gavriil, by that time widely known for his asceticism far beyond the borders of Kazan diocese, as well as of his spiritual child, hieromonk Tikhon (Buzov), the treasurer of the monastery, of negligent management of the household of the monastery and of accumulating considerable debts in the monastery that they were in charge of, resulted in the resignation of the head and his subsequent persecution by the ruling archpriest, archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsk Nikanor (Kamenskiy). The case received considerable attention in church circles of the diocese of that time. However, it was not studied properly, and materials kept in the archive of Kazan Spiritual Consistory were not scrutinised in terms of reconstructing the true circumstances of the events. Lack of a careful analysis of certain episodes led to a partial mythologisation of the history, confusion in facts, and, most importantly, made it impossible to identify all the participants of the confl ict, determine the line and specificity of their conduct, aims and motives. The future canonisation of archimandrite Gavriil (Zyrianov) in the rank of all-Russian saints requires to eliminate the historical lacunae, including in the ethical and anthropological perspective. This article attempts to deal with this task. It makes public a large number of previously unpublished sources. Their base if made up of documents kept at the State Archive of Republic of Tatarstan and in the library of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.

Sedmiozernaya pustyn’, archimandrite Gavriil (Zyrianov), Kazan diocese, monastery, embezzlement, legal investigation, resignation, archbishop Nikanor (Kamenskiy), archimandrite Andronik (Bogoslovskiy), bishop, church, spiritual preceptor, asceticism

1. Alekseev I. (2004) Russkoe natsional’noe dvizhenie v Kazanskoi gubernii i Tatarstane: konets XIX — nachalo XXI vekov [Russian National Movement in Kazan Region and Tatarstan: Late 19th — Early 21th Centuries]. Kazan’ (in Russian).
2. Beglov A. (2009) “Sviatootecheskoe soznanie russkogo starchestva (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.)” [Patristic Conciousness of Russian Spiritual Preceptors (Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries)]. Russkaia patrologiia. Materialy Akademicheskoi konferentsii [Russian Patrology. Conference Materials]. Sergiev Posad, рp. 310–367 (in Russian).
3. Efremova O. (2017) “Problemy monashestvuiushchikh v Pskovskoi eparkhii v 1903‒1910 gg. i popytki ikh razresheniia preosviashchennym Arseniem (Stadnitskim)” [Problems of Monks in Pskov Diocese in 1903‒1910 and Attempts of Resolve them by St. Arseniy (Stadnitskiy)]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. 2: Istoriia. Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi, 2017, vol. 76, pp. 37–53 (in Russian).
4. V Moskve sostoialas’ konferentsiia, posviashchennaia prepodobnomu Gavriilu Sedmiozernomu, available at: Internet-portal Sinodal’nogo otdela religioznogo obrazovaniia i katekhizatsii Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi. URL: https://pravobraz.ru/v-moskve-sostoyalas-konferenciyaposvyashhennaya-prepodobnomu-gavriilu-sedmiezernomu/ (1.12.2018).
5. Gavriil (Sedmiozernyi), prepodobnyi (2005) [Saint Gavriil (Sedmiozernyi)]. Pravoslavnaia entsiklopediia [Orthodox Encyclopaedia], Moscow, vol. 10, pp. 195–197 (in Russian).
6. Konferentsiia «Prepodobnyi Gavriil Sedmiezernyi i ego ucheniki, novomucheniki i ispovedniki Tserkvi Russkoi: svoboda i otvetstvennost’ v vybore zhiznennogo puti i podviga», in Internetportal Vysoko-Petrovskogo muzhskogo monastyria. URL: http://vpmon.ru/6-dekabrya-vmonastyre-sostoitsya-konferenciya/ (1.12.2018) (in Russian).
7. Lipakov E. (2007). Arkhipastyri Kazanskie 1555–2007 [Spiritual Leaders of Kazan, 1555‒2007]. Kazan’ (in Russian).
8. Popov G., Chibisova E. (2016) “Vneshniaia torgovlia i khlebnye tseny v Rossiiskoi imperii. Za ili protiv neoklassicheskikh teorem vneshnei torgovli?” [Foreign Trade and Prices for Bread in the Russian Empire. Pro et Contra of Neo-Classical Theorem of Foreign Trade]. Terra economicus, 2016, vol. 14 (3), pp. 87–100 (in Russian).
9. Sovremennye aspekty kanonizatsii sviatykh [Contemporary Aspects of Canonisation of Saints], available at: http://www.pravoslavie.ru/29507.html (1.12.2018) (in Russian).

Khokhlov Alexander

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article discusses the issue of reservation of positions in parishes for Orthodox priests who joined the acting army of the Russian Empire during World War I. The analysis of historiography has shown that questions related to the conscription of the clergy in the acting army are practically not studied, while available works contain fragmentary and non-verifi able information, which is due to an insuffi cient base of sources and lack of historiographic tradition of studies of the military clergy on the whole. Despite the fact that during World War I the military clergy in the acting army was represented by Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim, Evangelical-Lutheran, Evangelical- Augsburg, Armenian-Gregorian, and Old-Rite priests, the issue of reservation of parishes was very topical for Orthodox priests. The reasons for this were the state of the Orthodox priest on the whole (family, fi nancial, and offi cial) and their number in the acting army, as the Orthodox military clergy were included in the staff of most military units and organisations. In dealing with the problem of reserving positions in parishes for Orthodox priests, the Holy Synod had the key role. It not only took decisions as to sending Orthodox priests to the acting army, but also examined requests about reserving the parishes. Many priests went to the battlefi eld without permission to keep their parishes. As a result, by the autumn of 1916 it was decided that parishes should be reserved only in the case of conscripted priests, or by special orders of the Holy Synod. At the beginning of 1917, the role of diocesan archpriests was strengthened in the question of reserving parishes. They decided whether the parish is reserved with or without income. In the second case the income was transferred to the person who temporarily substituted the parish priest.

parishes, parish clergy, military clergy, army, World War I, Russian Empire

1. Baimov A. (2015) “Voennoe dukhovenstvo v Rossiiskoi Imperii: kratkii istoriografi cheskii obzor” [Military Clergy in Russian Empire: Brief Outline of Historiography]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i iuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiia i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, 2015, 7 (57), II, 18–21 (in Russian).
2. Emel’ianov S. (2015) “«Voennaia eparkhiia» russkoi armii” [“Military Diocese” of Russian Army]. Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A. S. Pushkina, 2015, vol. 1, pp. 29–37 (in Russian).
3. Emel’ianov S. (2015) “Novye vyzovy i zadachi: voennoe dukhovenstvo v gody Pervoi mirovoi i Grazhdanskoi voin” [New Challenges and Tasks: Military Clergy during World War I and Civil War]. Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A. S. Pushkina, 2015, vol. 2, pp. 51–60 (in Russian).
4. Firsov S. (1994) “Voennoe dukhovenstvo Rossii (k voprosu o material’nom polozhenii sviashchenno- i tserkovnosluzhitelei russkoi armii i fl ota poslednei chetverti XIX — nachala XX st.) [Military Clergy of Russia (The Issue of Financial State of Priests of Russian Army and Navy of the Last Quarter of 19th — Early 20th Centuries)]. Novyi chasovoi, 1994, vol. 2, pp. 19–24 (in Russian).
5. Firsov S. (1995) “Voennoe dukhovenstvo nakanune i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny” [Military Clergy prior to and during World War I]. Novyi chasovoi, 1995, vol. 3, pp. 21–32 (in Russian).
6. Kandidov B. (1929) Religiia v tsarskoi armii [Religion in Tzar’s Army]. Moscow (in Russian).
7. Kandidov B. (1929) Tserkovnyi front v gody mirovoi voiny [Church Battlefi eld during World War]. Penza (in Russian).
8. Kapkov K. (2008) Pamiatnaia kniga Rossiiskogo voennogo i morskogo dukhovenstva XIX — nachala XX vekov: Spravochnye materialy [Memory Book of Russian Military and Naval Clergy of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries: Reference Materials]. Moscow (in Russian).
9. Kapkov K. (2009) Ocherki po istorii voennogo i morskogo dukhovenstva Rossiiskoi imperii XVIII — nachala XX vekov: Itogi k 1917 godu [Essays in the History of Military and Naval Clergy of the Russian Empire of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries: Results by the Year 1917]. Moscow (in Russian).
10. Kartseva N. (2014) “Voennoe dukhovenstvo v natsional’nykh formirovaniiakh Russkoi armii v 1914‒1917 godakh” [Military Clergy in Ethnic Groups of Russian Army in 1914‒1917]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta, 2014, vol. 3 (26), pp. 143–148 (in Russian).
11. Kashcheev A. (2016) “Konfessional’nyi faktor organizatsii upravleniia voennogo dukhovenstva Rossiiskoi imperii nakanune Pervoi mirovoi voiny” [Confessional Factor in Organising the Administration of Military Clergy of Russian Empire prior to World War I]. Vestnik Akademii MVD Respubliki Belarus’, 2016, vol. 2, pp. 162–167 (in Russian).
12. Kostriukov A. (2005) “O nekotorykh usloviiakh sluzheniia voennogo dukhovenstva v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny” [On Some Conditions of Service of Military Clergy during World War I]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. II: Istoriia. Istoriia RPTs, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 24–44 (in Russian).
13. Kostriukov A. (2014) “Podvig russkogo voennogo dukhovenstva v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny” [Heroism of Russian Military Clergy during World War I]. Zhurnal Moskovskoi patriarkhii, 2014, vol. 7, pp. 66–71 (in Russian).
14. Kotkov V., Kotkova Iu. (2005) Voennoe dukhovenstvo Rossii. Stranitsy istorii [Russian Military Clergy. Pages of History]. St Petersburg (in Russian).
15. Malishko S. Mobіlіzatsіia pravoslavnogo vіis’kovogo і mors’kogo dukhіvnitstva rosіis’koї armії ta fl otu v 1914 r [Conscription of Orthodox Military and Naval Clergy of Russian Army and Navy in 1914], available at: http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1052-1417434480.pdf (25.11.2018) (in Ukrainian).
16. Malishko S. Pastirs’ka dіial’nіst’ rosіis’kogo pravoslavnogo vіis’kovogo dukhіvnitstva v umovakh Pershoї svіtovoї vіini [Pastoral Activity of Russian Orthodox Military Clergy during World War I], available at: http://institute.cult.gov.ua/publ/naukovi_publikaciji_nashikh_vikladachiv/pastirska_dijalnist_rosijskogo_pravoslavnogo_vijskovogo_dukhivnictva_v_umovakh_pershoji_svitovoji_vijni/4-1-0-13 (22.11.2018) (in Ukrainian).
17. Matonin V. Zapiski Aleksandra Anatol’evicha Turundaevskogo: vologodskie sviashchenniki na germanskom fronte (1914–1918 gg.) [Notes of Aleksandr Anatolyevich Turundaevsky: Priests from Vologda in German Battlefi eld (1914‒1918)], Jelektronnyi resurs Jazik i tekst langpsy.ru, E-journal Language and Text langpsy.ru, 2014, no 3, available at: http:// langpsy.ru/journal/2014/2/Matonin.phtml (25.11.2018) (in Russian).
18. Orzhekhovskii I. Iz istorii voennogo dukhovenstva [From the History of Russian Clergy], available at: http://exarchate.by/resource/Dir0056/Dir0083/Page0087.html (20.11.2018) (in Russian).
19. Senin A. (1990) “Armeiskoe dukhovenstvo Rossii v Pervuiu mirovuiu voinu” [Military Clergy of Russia during World War I]. Voprosy istorii, 1990, vol. 10, pp. 159–165 (in Russian).
20. Sidorov D. (1961) Voina i religiia [War and Religion]. Moscow (in Russian).
21. Starostenko E. (2016) “Sviashchenniki belorusskikh eparkhii v riadakh voennogo dukhovenstva Rossiiskoi imperii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny” [Priests of White-Russian Dioceses among Military Clergy of Russian Empire during World War I], in Religiia i obshchestvo, 10. Mogilev, pp. 82–85 (in Russian).
22. Suglobov G. (1969) Soiuz kresta i mecha (tserkov’ i voina) [Union of Cross and Sword (Church and War)]. Moscow (in Russian).
23. Tsindrenko Iu., Zelenina T. Voennoe dukhovenstvo na frontakh Pervoi mirovoi [Military Clergy in Battlefi elds of World War I], available at: http://gosuprav.ru/PDF/18OGP414.pdf (10.11.2018) (in Russian).
24. Zhukova L. (2006) “Obespechenie otpravleniia religioznykh obriadov russkimi voennoplennymi v Iaponii v 1904–1905 gg.” [Performing Religious Rites by Russian Prisoners of War in Japan in 1904‒1905]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Ser. Istoriia Rossii, 2006, vol. 3, pp. 79–88 (in Russian).
25. Zhukova L. (2014) “Blagotvoritel’naia deiatel’nost’ A. A. Zhelobovskogo” [Charitable Work of A. A. Zhelobovskiy]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. II: Istoriia. Istoriia RPTs, 2016, vol. 4, pp. 58–73 (in Russian).

Kashcheev Andrei

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article shows main directions in the external policy of metropolitan Sergiy (Voskresenskiy), who during the period of April 1941 to May 1944 was in charge of the Baltic exarchate of Moscow patriarchy. The main sources are made up of the published materials of the German occupant offi ces that dealt with church issues; documents of the office of the Baltic exarchate; diary notes and memoirs of the participants of the relevant events. The study of these records allowed us to fi nd out that contacts and negotiations with German occupant authorities and preserving the jurisdictional unity with Moscow patriarchate were important elements in exarch’s church policy which was aimed at uniting Orthodox churches under the aegis of Moscow patriarchy. Metropolitan Sergiy attempted to extend his church power and, consequently, canonical borders of Moscow patriarchy, over the whole territory of Reichskommissariat Ostland, over the occupied territory of Smolensk region, over the territories of France and Germany. In Central Europe, Orthodox parishes of Moscow patriarchy and those of metropolitan Evlogiy (Georgievskiy) were preserved; they were under serious pressure of German authorities. The Baltic exarch tried to support not only parishes of Moscow patriarchy, but also Eulogian communities that were under the jurisdiction of patriarch of Constantinople, thus offering them to return to the jurisdiction of Moscow. Exarch’s plans to unite Orthodox churches into a single structure contradicted the general doctrine of the Third Reich and were therefore doomed to failure. However, one should not underestimate the changes at the battlefi elds of World War II and strengthening of power of the USSR, including the signifi cance of the “new course” of Stalin’s religious policy. It was because of this that metropolitan Evlogiy in Paris after the election of patriarch in Moscow ceased to connect with the Baltic exarchate his hopes to return to Moscow patriarchate.

Baltic exarchate, Moscow patriarchate, West-European parishes, metropolitan Sergiy (Voskresenskiy), religious politicy of Third Reich, German occupation, Pskov Orthodox Mission

1. Alekseev V., Stavru F. (1981) “Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ na okkupirovannoi nemtsami territorii” [Russian Orthodox Church in the Territory Occupied by the Germans]. Russkoe Vozrozhdenie, 1981, vol. 14, pp. 118‒154 (in Russian).
2. Balevits Z. (1967). Pravoslavnaia tserkov’ Latvii pod sen’iu svastiki (1941‒1944) [Orthodox Church in Latvia in the Shade of Swastika]. Riga (in Russian).
3. Bernev S., Rupasov A. (eds.) (2016) Prikaz: arkhiv unichtozhit’! Pribaltiiskii Ekzarkhat i Pskovskaia Pravoslavnaia Missiia v gody nemetskoi okkupatsii 1941‒1944: sbornik dokumentov [Order: The Archive Must Be Destroyed! Baltic Exarchate and Pskov Orthodox Mission during German Occupation of 1941‒1944: Collection of Documents]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
4. Gavrilin A. (2009) Pod pokrovom Tikhvinskoi ikony. Arkhipastyrskii put’ Ioanna (Garklavsa) [Under Defense of Tikhvin Icon. Archpriest’s Path of Ioann (Garklavs)]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
5. Golikov A., priest, Fomin S. (1999) Krov’iu ubelennye. Mucheniki i ispovedniki Severo-Zapada Rossii i Pribaltiki (1940‒1955): Martirolog pravoslavnykh sviashchennosluzhitelei i tserkovnosluzhitelei Latvii, repressirovannykh v 1940-1952 gg. [Cleaned with Blood. Martyrs and Confessors of North-West of Russia and the Baltics (1940‒1955): Martyrology of Priests and Church People of Latvia Repressed i 1940‒1952]. Moscow (in Russian).
6. Kostriukov A. (2015) Russkaia Zarubezhnaia Tserkov’ v 1939–1964 gg. Administrativnoe ustroistvo i otnosheniia s Tserkov’iu v Otechestve [Russian Church Abroad in 1939‒1964. Administrative Structure and Relations with the Church in Motherland]. M., 2015.
7. Kovalev B. (2004) Natsistskaia okkupatsiia i kollaboratsionizm v Rossii 1941‒1944 [Nazi Occupation and Collaboration in Russia, 1941‒1944]. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Laukaitite R. (2015) “Litovskaia pravoslavnaia eparkhiia pod vlast’iu mitropolita Sergiia (Voskresenskogo)” [Lithuanian Orthodox Diocese under Power of Metropolitan Sergiy (Voskresenskiy)]. Pravoslavie v Baltii, 2015, vol. 3 (12), рр. 97‒109 (in Russian).
9. Mironovich A. (2015) “Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ na territorii Belorussii vo vremia Vtoroi mirovoi voiny” [Orthodox Church in the Territory of White Russia during World War II]. Pravoslavie v Baltii, 2015, vol. 3 (12), рр. 62‒75 (in Russian).
10. Oboznyi K. (2015) “Professor Ivan Davydovich Grimm. Shtrikhi k biografi i” [Professor Ivan Davydovich Grimm. Materials for Biography]. Pravoslavie v Baltii, 2015, vol. 3 (12), рр. 76‒96 (in Russian).
11. Osuzhdenie izmennikov vere i otechestvu (1943) [Denunciation of Traitors of Faith and Motherland]. Zhurnal Moskovskoi Patriarkhii, 1943, vol. 1, p. 1 (in Russian).
12. Petrov I. (2016) Pravoslavnaia Baltiia 1939‒1953 godov. Period voin, repressii i mezhnatsional’nykh protivorechii [Orthodox Baltia in 1939‒1953. Period of Wars, Repression, and Interethnic Discord]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
13. Ross N. (ed.) (2014) Paskhal’nyi svet na ulitse Dariu. Dnevniki Petra Evgrafovicha Kovalevskogo 1937‒1948 godov [Easter Light in Dariu Street. Diaries of Petr Evgrafovich Kovalevsky of 1937‒1948]. Nizhniy Novgorod (in Russian).
14. Savva (Tutunov), hieromonk (2005‒2006) “Tserkovno-pravovye osnovaniia sushchestvovaniia “Parizhskoi Mitropolii” v 1921‒1946 godakh” [Ecclesiastic and Legal Foundations for the Existence of “Paris Metropoly” in 1921‒1946”. Tserkovno-istoricheskii vestnik, 2005‒2006, vol. 12‒13, рр. 104–113 (in Russian).
15. Shkarovskii M., Solov’ev I., priest (2013) Tserkov’ protiv bol’shevizma [Church against Bolshevism]. Moscow (in Russian).
16. Shkarovskii M. (2003) Politika Tret’ego reikha po otnosheniiu k Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi v svete arkhivnykh materialov 1935‒1945 godov: sbornik dokumentov [Policy of the Third Reich as to the Russian Orthodox Church in the Light of Archive Materials of 1935‒1945: Collection of Documents]. Moscow (in Russian).
17. Shkarovskii M. (2014) Konstantinopol’skii Patriarkhat i Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ v pervoi polovine XX veka [Constantinople Patriarchate and Russian Orthodox Church in the First Half of the 20th Century]. Moscow (in Russian).
18. Vasil’eva O. (2001) Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ v politike sovetskogo gosudarstva v 1943‒1948 gg. [Russian Orthodox Church in the Policy of the Soviet STate in 1943‒1948]. Moscow (in Russian).

Obozny Konstantin

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article draws on little-known documents of Soviet special services and sheds light on law enforcement activities of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR and Ukrainian SSR in the process of liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church in the Transcarpathian Ukraine in 1949. The events in Transcarpathia, where the “self-dissolving” of the Uniate Church took place in 1948‒1949, did not receive a full and detailed description before. Scholars did not pay much attention to the activities of special services that in many respects made possible the reuniting of Greek Catholics and the Orthodox Church. The study of these events has become possible only recently as previously classifi ed documents have been made public. This article examines the confessional situation and social and religious attitudes in the region after its inclusion in the USSR in 1945, resistance of the clergy and hierarchs against incorporating the Greek Catholic Church into the Orthodox Church. The article also studies the mechanism of law enforcement and special propagandist activities of the special service in destroying the local community of Greek Catholics, in creating points of infl uence among the clergy of the Greek-Catholic Church, in preparation of the act of eliminating the Church Union in the Transcarpathian Ukraine according to the “Plan of Law Enforcement Activities for the Liquidation of the Greek-Catholic Church in the Transcarpathian Region of the Ukrainian SSR” approved by Minister of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR S.R. Savchenko on 14 January, 1948. Using previously unknown documents, this article sheds light on the circumstances of the death of the leader of the Greek Catholic Church of Transcarpathia bishop Theodor Romga (Russ. Теодор Ромжа), who might have become victim of a terrorist act of state security organs because of his relentless resistance against the elimination of the Church Union in the region. Besides, the documents identifi ed allow one to doubt certain “sensational versions” of the hierarch’s death, among others described by P.A. Sudoplatov. The article discusses features of liquidation of the Union, consequences of Mukachevo act of 1949 and the subsequent measures of state security organs of the Ukrainian SSR.

Greek Catholic Church, church-state relations in USSR, persecution of believers, Soviet special services, Transcarpathian Ukraine

1. Bendas S., Bendas D. (1999) Sviashcheniki-mucheniki, spovіdniki vіrnostі [Priests-Martyrs, Promoters of Faith]. Uzhgorod (in Ukrainian).
2. Bendas D. (2000) “Represії radians’koї vladi proti greko-katolits’kogo dukhovenstva na Zakarpattі v 1944–1949 rr.” [Repression of State Authorities against Greek Catholic Clergy in Transcarpathia in 1944‒1949]. Kovcheg: Naukovii zbіrnik іz tserkovnoї іstorії, 2. L’vіv, рp. 290–299 (in Ukrainian).
3. Dmitruk V. (2010) “Lіkvіdatsіia Ukraїns’koї greko-katolits’koї tserkvi na Zakarpattі (druga polovina 1940-kh rr.)” [Liquidation of Greek Catholic Church in Transcarpathia (Latter Half of the 1940s)]. Іstorіia Ukraїni: malovіdomі іmena, podії, fakti, 2010, vol. 36, pp. 283‒293 (in Ukrainian).
4. Kapіtan L. (2012) “Lіkvіdatsіia greko-katolits’koї tserkvi u Zakarpattі, 1945–1949 rr.: іdeologopropagandists’ka skladova” [Liquidation of Greek Catholic Church in Transcarpathia, 1945‒1949], Kraeznavstvo, 2012, vol. 3, pp. 71–83 (in Ukrainian).
5. Pagiria O. (2014) “Lіkvіdatsіia radians’kimi organami derzhavnoї bezpeki greko-katolits’koї tserkvi u Zakarpattі (1945–1949 rr.)” [Liquidation by Authorities of State Security of Greek Catholic Church in Transcarpathia (1945 ‒1949)]. Z arkhіvіv VUChK-GPU-NKVD-KGB, 2014, vol. 2, pp. 469‒503 (in Ukrainian).
6. Pushkash L. (2001) Kir Teodor Romzha: Zhittia і smert’ episkopa [Kir Theodor Romga. Life and Death of the Bishop]. L’vіv (in Ukrainian).
7. Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny 1941–1945 (2009) [Russian Orthodox Church during World War II, 1941‒1945]. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Sannikov G. (2002) Bol’shaia okhota. Razgrom vooruzhennogo podpol’ia v Zapadnoi Ukraine [Big Hunt. Destruction of Armed Underground in Western Ukraine]. Moscow (in Russian).
9. Sbornik KGB SSSR (1990) [Collection of KGB of USSR], vol. 152, pp. 35–36 (in Russian).
10. Sudoplatov P. (1997) Spetsoperatsii. Lubianka i Kreml’ 1930–1950 gody [Special Operations. Lubianka and the Kremlin in the 1930s — 1950s]. Moscow (in Russian).
11. Vedeneev D., Shevchenko S. (2000) “Tovarishch Sudoplatov preuvelichivaet…” [Comrade Sudoplatov is Overestimating...]. Ezhenedel’nik 2000, 22 December (in Russian).
12. Vedeneev D. (2017) “«Reshitel’nyi vrag Vatikana i unii». Spetssluzhby i protopresviter Gavriil Kostel’nik v kontekste sozdaniia predposylok k likvidatsii unii v Zapadnoi Ukraine (1939–1944 gg.)” [“Resolute Enemy of Vatican and the Union”. Special Services and Protopriest Gavriil Kostel’nik in Context of Creating Prerequisites for the Liquidation of the Union in Western Ukraine (1939‒1944)”. Vestnik PCTGU. Ser. II: Istoriia. Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi, 2017, vol. 79, pp. 85–105 (in Russian).
13. Vlast’ i Tserkov’ v Vostochnoi Evrope. 1944–1953: Dokumenty rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1 (2009) [State Authorities and Church in Eastern Europe. 1944‒1953: Documents from Russian Archives]. Moscow (in Russian).
14. Volokitina T., Murashko G., Noskova A. (2008) Moskva i Vostochnaia Evropa. Vlast’ i tserkov’ v period obshchestvennykh transformatsii 40-50-kh godov XX veka: Ocherki istorii [Moscow and Eastern Europe. State Authorities and Church in the Period of Social Transformations of the 1940s — 1950. Essays in History]. Moscow (in Russian).
15. Voloshin Iu. (1999) “Lіkvіdatsіia Uzhgorods’koї unії” [Liquidation of Uzhgorod Union]. Z arkhіvіv VUChK-GPU-NKVD-KGB, 1999, vol. 1–2, pp. 406–418 (in Russian).

Vedeneev Dmytro

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

The remarkable missionary from Kamchatka metropolitan Nestor (Anisimov), having appeared at the front during World War I in the rank of hegumen, demonstrated to the full the inherent qualities of his soul: courage, cheerfulness of spirit, richness of perception of the experienced events and great compassionate love for people. Correspondence between hegumen Nestor (Anisimov) and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna preserved detailed and accurate descriptions of everyday life of the front-line priest and the chief of the sanitary detachment “First Aid under Enemy Fire” of the Lifeguard of the Dragoon regiment. Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna had, like many other members of the reigning house, a great number of responsibilities associated with help to the fi ghting army. Under her leadership was the military sanitary division of the Lifeguard of the Dragoon regiment. Letters and telegrammes of hegumen Nestor undoubtedly testify to her immersion in the aff airs of the regiment and its daily hardships and feats. The letter depicts hard human suff ering, unceasing church-related and spiritual activity of Hegumen, who also performed duties of a messenger, sanitar, porter. He was able to feel and convey the greatness of the spirit of little-known war heroes — his close friends and fellow soldiers. For this publication the longest and most informative letter of Hegumen has been chosen, although there are a large number of telegrammes relating to certain moments in the regiment’s life. Some of the telegramems are given in quotations. The relevant documents are stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (f. 655).

World War I, metropolitan Nestor (Anisimov), Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, mobile detachments “First Aid under Enemy Fire”, Life Guards of Dragoon regiment, military operations in Augustów Forest, lieutenant M. N. Mandrazhi, church service during military operations, military sanitary service

1. Efremova O., Krivosheeva N. (2000) “Novye arkhivnye dokumenty o presledovanii vlastiami Sviatitelia Tikhona v 1918‒1923 gg.” [New Archive Documents on Prosecution by State Authorities of St. Tikhon in 1918‒1923]. Bogoslovskii sbornik, 2000, vol. 6 (in Russian).
2. Leib-draguny doma i na voine (1929‒1931) [Lifeguard Dragoons at Home and at War], 1929‒1931, vol. 1‒4, Paris (in Russian).
3. Sorokin A. Dinastiia Romanovykh i blagotvoritel’nost’ [Romanov Dynasty and Charity], available at: http://legitimist.ru/sight/history/2013/dinastiya-romanovyix-i-blagotvorite_p3.html (07.03.2019) (in Russian).

Kosik Olga

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This paper makes public for the fi rst time the liturgical Calendar of Roman Berzins, the priest and missionary of the Orthodox Pskov (external) mission. During World War IIб he served briefl y in the annexed territory of Pskov region. The priest kept a diary of his church services in Pskov, Gdov, and Ostrovsky districts (Russ. уезды) as a report designed for metropolitan Sergiy (Voskresenskiy), the exarch of the Baltics. From this source we learn about the opening of Orthodox churches and liturgical practices of the Exarchate in the annexed territory of North-Western Russia from February till May 1942. The accompanying note describes opinions of churchgoers on topical church issues. The Calendar was included in the criminal case of the priest, who was accused of serving in the Orthodox Pskov (external) mission as an agent of the German intelligence structure (SD). The publication is based on the documents of Клировые ведомости and the criminal case of Roman Berzins, the priest and missionary, dated 1947.

liturgical Calendar, criminal case, priest and missionary Roman Berzins, protodeacon Feodor Yudin, archpriest Ioann Legkiy, Orthodox Pskov Mission, Gdov, liturgy, recipients of Communion, moleben

1. Balevics Z. (1987) Pareizticīgo Baznīca Latvijā. Riga.
2. Golikov A., priest (1999) Martirolog pravoslavnykh sviashchennosluzhiteleĭ i tserkovnosluzhiteleĭ Latvii, repressirovannykh v 1940–1955 gg. [Martyrology of Orthodox Priest-Martyrs and Members of the Clergy of Latvia, who Suff ered from Repression in 1940‒1955]. Moscow (in Russian).
3. Kuznetsova A., Hieromonk Platon (Rozhkov), Romanova S., et al. (eds.) (2017) Istoriia Pskovskoi pravoslavnoi missii v dokumentakh, 1: Dokumenty lichnogo arkhiva mitropolita Sergiia (Voskresenskogo) [History of Pskov Orthodox Mission in Documents, 1: Documents of the Personal Archive of Metropolitan Sergiy (Voskresenskiy)]. Kaluga (in Russian).
4. Legkaia I. (2014) Letaiushchii arkhierei [The Flying Archpriest]. Moscow (in Russian).
5. Leningradskii martirolog, 1937–1938: Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskikh repressii, 4: 1937 god (1999) [Martyrology of Leningrad, 1937‒1938: Book of Memory of Victims of Political Repression, 4: The Year 1937]. St Petersburg (in Russian).
6. Oboznyi K. (2008) Istoriia Pskovskoi pravoslavnoi missii 1941–1944 gg. [History of Pskov Orthodox Mission, 1941‒1944]. Moscow (in Russian).
7. Pravoslavnoe dukhovenstvo v Latvii 1920–1940: sbornik dokumentov (1962) [Orthodox Clergy of Latvia, 1920‒1940: A Collection of Documents]. Riga (in Russian).
8. Sakharov S. (1939) Pravoslavnye tserkvi v Latgalii [Orthodox Churches of Latgale]. Riga (in Russian).
9. Seliverstov Iu. (2010) “Gor’kaia «slavian liubov’»” [The Bitter “Love of the Slavs”]. Pskovskaia guberniia, 2010, vol. 43 (514), pp. 3–9 November (in Russian).
10. Vechnaia pamiat’ pochivshim! (1975) [For the Eternal Memory of the Deceased], Zhurnal Moskovskoi Patriarkhii, 1975, vol. 3, p. 3 (in Russian).

Nun Evfrosinia (Sedova G.)

This paper makes public the letters of archpriest Georgy Grabbe (later bishop Grigory 1902–1995), the long-term ruler of the Synodal offi ce of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. The letters are addressed to Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, who in 1938 assumed the duties of the head of the Russian imperial house. The authorities of the Russian Church Abroad were playing with the idea of a monarchy, but they did not dare to directly support any of the branches of Romanov dynasty. In this regard, the correspondence of archpriest George, who was a supporter of Vladimir Kirillovich, is of great interest. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the bias of the author of these letters. Thus, archpriest George explains in his own way the reasons why the Russian Church Abroad did not introduce the commemoration of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich in the churches of Russian emigration. Archpriest George Grabbe also writes about the reasons why the Russian Church Abroad cannot take the initiative to proclaim Vladimir Kirillovich Emperor. It contains important information about the attitude of the Russian Church Abroad to the morganatic marriage of Grand Duke with Leonida Georgievna Bagration-Mukhranskaya. Several documents deal with the problems of Russian refugees after World War II, the problems of the fl ock and parishes, which Vladimir Kirillovich tried to help. The letters contain information regarding the relocation of Russian refugees to South America. Many of the published materials shed light for the fi rst time on events that were not refl ected in the offi cial documents of the Russian Church Abroad.

Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, Russian imperial house, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, Synod of Bishops of Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, bishop Grigory (Grabbe), monarchists-legitimists, Hiking Offi ce of Grand Duke, morganatic marriage, law of succession, canonical territory, Russian dioceses of Russian Orthodox Church Abroad

1. Grabbe G., priest (1989) Pravda o Russkoi Tserkvi na rodine i za rubezhom [Truth about Russian Church in the Home Country and Abroad]. New York (in Russian).
2. Grigorii (Grabbe), bishop. (1992) K istorii russkikh tserkovnykh razdelenii za granitsei [On the History of Russian Church Factions Abroad]. Jordanville (in Russian).
3. Kostriukov A. (2007) Russkaia Zarubezhnaia Tserkov’ v pervoi polovine 1920-kh godov. Organizatsiia tserkovnogo upravleniia v emigratsii i ego otnosheniia s Moskovskoi Patriarkhiei pri zhizni patriarkha Tikhona [Russian Church Abroad in the FOrmer Half of the 1920s. Structure of Church Administration in Emigration and its Relations with Moscow Patriarchate during Life of Patriarch Tikhon]. Moscow (in Russian).
4. Kostriukov A. (2012) Russkaia Zarubezhnaia Tserkov’ v 1925–1938 gg. Iurisdiktsionnye konfl ikty i otnosheniia s moskovskoi tserkovnoi vlast’iu [Russian Church Abroad in 1925‒1938. Jurisdictional Conflicts and Relations with Moscow Church Authorities]. Moscow (in Russian).
5. Kostriukov A. (2015) Russkaia Zarubezhnaia Tserkov’ v 1939–1964 gg. Administrativnoe ustroistvo i otnosheniia s Tserkov’iu v Otechestve [Russian Church Abroad in 1939‒1964. Administrative Structure and Relations with the Church in Motherland]. Moscow (in Russian).
6. Serafi m (Rouz), hieromonk, German (Podmoshenskii), hegumen (1993). Blazhennyi Ioann Chudotvorets [St. John the Wonderworker]. Moscow (in Russian).

Makovetsky Arkady, priest

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.