St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

In the early Byzantine Empire (4th — 6th cc.), besides (male) monasteries and (female) convents, there were certain variants of coexistence of monastic communities for men and women. The aim of this paper is to analyse data from the relevant sources and clarify what the term dipla monasteria referred to and whether it was equivalent to the concept of “double monasteries” in modern historiography as well as to introduce the concept twin-monasteries. The article also raises the question if there were changes in the number of such monasteries and if this depended on the geographical location of the community. The sources for this study are a broad range of texts, namely Justinian’s laws; canons of church councils; patristic works (Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil the Great); hagiographic literature. The article comes to the conclusion that dipla monasteria referred to mixed monasteries. However, there was a range of variants of coexistence of men’s and women’s monastic communities. The sources contain information about double monasteries and twinmonasteries. Double ans mixed monasteries were mostly spread in Asia Minor of the 4th century, whereas in Byzantium on the whole other forms of monasticism prevailed.

Byzantine Empire, law, monasteries, convents, mixed monasteries, double monasteries, twin monasteries

1. Aleksandrova, T. L. (2002) Grigorii Nisskii. Poslanie o zhizni sviatoi Makriny [Gregory of Nissa. Epistle on the Life of St. Macrina]. Мoscow.
2. Aubineau, M. (ed.) (1966) Grégoire de Nysse. Traité de la Virginité (Sources chrétiennes. 119). Paris.
3. Basilius Magnus. “Asceticon magnum sive Regulae brevius tractatae”, in PG. Т. 31.
4. Basilius Magnus. “Asceticon magnum sive Regulae fusius tractatae”, in PG. Т. 31.
5. Brooks, E. W. (ed., transl.) “John of Ephesus. Lives of the Eastern Saints (II)”, in Patrologia Orientalis, Paris, 1924, 18, fasc. 4, pp. 513‒698.
6. Cain, Andrew (2010) “Jerome’s Epitaphium Paulae: Hagiography, Pilgrimage, and the Cult of Saint Paula”. Journal of Early Christian Studies, 2010, № 18, pp. 105‒139.
7. Clarke, William K. L. (ed., transl.) (1925) The ascetic works of the st. Basil. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: Macmillan.
8. Delehaye, H. (éd.) (1923) Les saints stylites. Bruxelles, Paris: Socié té des bollandistes. Del Ton, Giuseppe (1950) S. Paolo romana (Paula of Rome). Milano.
9. Fokin, Alexej R. (2011) “Ieronim Stridonskii” [“Jerome of the Stridon”], in Pravoslavnaia entsiklopedia [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 21, pp. 336‒375 (in Russian).
10. Halkin, F. (éd.) (1932) Sancti Pachomiae vitae graecae. Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes.
11. Halkin, F. (éd.) (1982) Le corpus Athénien de saint Pachome. Genève: P. Cramer (Cahiers d’Orientalisme II).
12. Gribomont, Jean (1984) “Les Règles épistolaires de saint Basile, Lettres 173 et 22”, in Saint Basil. Évangile et Église. Mélanges, Bé grolles-en-Mauges (Maine-&-Loire): Abbaye de Bellefontaine, vol. 1, pp. 157‒192.
13. Gribomont, Jean (2003) “Monastery double”, in New Catholic encyclopedia, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America 2003, vol. 9, pp. 784‒785.
14. Kelly John. N. D. (1975) Jerome: His Life, Writings and Controversies. New York: Harper and Row.
15. Khosroev, Aleksandr L. (2004) Pakhomii Velikii (Iz rannei istorii obshchezhitel’nogo monashestva v Egipte) [Pachomios the Great. From the Early History of the Community Monasticism]. St Peterburg (in Russian).
16. Lagrange, F. (1931) Histoire de sainte Paule. Paris.
17. Maraval, P. (éd.) (1971) Grégoire de Nysse. Vie de sainte Macrine. Sources chrétiennes, 178. Paris.
18. Maraval, P. (éd.) (1982) Égérie. Journal de voyage (itinéraire). Sources chrétiennes, 296. Paris.
19. Meester de Placidius (1942) De monachico statu juxta disciplinam Byzantinam. Statuta selectis fontibus et commentariis instructa. Roma: Typis polyglottis Vaticanis.
20. Murphy, F. X. (ed.) (1952) A Monument to Saint Jerome. Essays on Some Aspects of His Life, Works and Influence. New York: Sheed & Ward.
21. Murphy, F. X. (2003) “St Paula”, in New Catholic Encyclopedia. Second edition, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America, vol. 11, p. 37.
22. Schoell, R., Kroll, G. (eds.) (1954) Corpus Juris civilis. Vol. 3: Novellae Constitutiones. Berolini: Apud Weidmannos.
23. Stramara, Daniel F. (1997) “Adelphotes: Two Frequently Overlooked Meanings”. Vigiliae Christianae, 1997, vol. 51, pp. 316‒320.
24. Stramara, Daniel F. (1998). “Double Monasticism in the Greek East, IV‒VIII c.” Journal of Early Christian Studies, 1998, vol. 6, № 2, pp. 269‒312.
25. Talbot, Alice M. (1991) “Monasteries, double”, in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1392.
26. Tsiknopoullos, loannos P. (ed.) (1969) Kypriaka Typika, Pēgai kai meletai tēs Kypriakēs istorias [Cyprus’ Typicons. Sources and Studies of Cyprus’ History]. Nicosia, pp. 3‒68 (in Greek).
27. Whiting, Marlena (2011/2012) “Asceticism and Hospitality as Patronage in the Late Antique Holy Land: the Examples of Paula and Melania the Elder”. Female Founders in Byzantium and Beyond, Wiener Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte, 2011/2012, vol. 60‒61, pp. 74‒83.

Vankova Anna

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The research is supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (RFBR) “Byzantine monasticism, the 4th-15th cent.: tra-ditions and innovation”.

This article studies the notion of the clergy of Isidore of Seville (ca. 560–636). The main source is the treatise “On Ecclesiastical Offi ces”, which was not studied from this point of view before. The article analyses the symbolic meaning of the tonsure, which received its place in canon law through the eff orts of Isidore, as well as his interpretation of the term clerus. By means of intertextual and comparative historical analysis, the article identifi es constituent elements of clergymen’s ethos, namely its relationship with early Christian communities and virginity, which does not completely correlate with celibacy. The main texts have been Octavius by Minucius Felix and On Holy Virginity by St. Augustine. Isidore especially stressed literacy and education among the essential features of the clergy. The author of the articles comes to the conclusion that all these elements are connected by the notion of the sacred status of the clergy, which was a prerequisite for the successful service to God and for the instruction of the fl ock.

clergy, virginity, sacredness, ethos, Isidore of Seville, On Ecclesiastical Offi ces, Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo, Late Antiquity, Early Middle Ages

1. Afanasiev, Nicholas, protopriest (1971) Tserkovš Dukha Sviatogo [Church of the Holy Spirit]. Paris (in Russian).
2. Afanasiev, Nicholas, protopriest (1997) Ekkleziologiia vstupleniia v klir [Ecclesiology of the Entry into the Clergy]. Kiev (in Russian).
3. Albrecht Michael, von (2005) Geschichte der römischen Literatur. Von Andronicus bis Boethius. Mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Bedeutung für die Neuzeit. Vol. 3. Moscow (Russian translation).
4. Aurov Oleg V. (2004) «“Alço la mano, a la barba se tomo”: Iz istorii ispanskoi srednevekovoi pravovoi simvoliki» [““Alço la mano, a la barba se tomo”: From the History of Spanish Medieval Legal Symbolism”]. Centaurus. Studia classica et mediaevalia. 2004, vol. 1, pp. 125‒160 (in Russian).
5. Averintsev, Sergei S. (1977) “Simvolika rannego Srednevekovÿia (k postanovke voprosa)” [“The Symbolism in the Early Middle Ages: presentation of a problem”], in Iu. Ia. Barabash (ed.) Semiotika i khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo [Semiotics and Artistic Creation], Moscow: Nauka, pp. 323‒334 (in Russian).
6. Barrow, Julia (2015) The Clergy in the Medieval World: Secular Clerics, Their Families and Careers in North-Western Europe c. 800 — c. 1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Birkin, Mikhail Yu. (2017) “Ot grazhdanina k sviashchenniku: vita activa et contemplativa ot Avgustina Blazhennogo do Isidora Sevilšskogo” [“Isidore of Seville’s Ideas on Active and Contemplative Life: Background and Content”]. Vestnik drevnei istorii. Vol. 77/1, pp. 126‒139 (in Russian).
8. Bömer, F. (1952) “Pompa”, in A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, K. Witte, K. Mittelhaus, K. Ziegler (Hsgb.) Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, Bd. XXI. 2, Sp. 1878–1994.
9. Burckhardt, Jacob (2013) Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen. Moscow; Saint Petersburg (Russian translation).
10. Bychkov, Viktor V. (1995). Estetika Ottsov Tserkvi. I. Apologety. Blazhennyi Avgustin [Aesthetics of Church Fathers. I. Apologists. St. Augustine]. Moscow (In Russian).
11. Cavallo, G., Chartier, R. (eds.) (2008) Histoire de la lecture dans le monde occidental. Moscow (Russian translation).
12. Cazier, Pierre (1994) Isidore de Séville et la naissance de l’Espagne catholique. Paris: Beauchesne.
13. Crouch, Jace (2010) “The Judicial Punishment of Decalvatio in Visigothic Spain: a Proposed Solution Based on Isidore of Sevilla and the Lex Visigothorum”. The Mediterranean Review, vol. 3/1, pp. 59‒81.
14. Dagron, Gilbert (2007) “Christliche Ökonomie und christliche Gesellschaft (8‒10 Jh.)”, in G. Dagron, P. Riche, A. Vauchez, E. Boshof (hrsg.). Die Geschichte des Christentums. Religion, Politik, Kultur — Mittelalter. Bd. 1: Bischöfe, Mönche und Kaiser (642‒1054). Freiburg, Basel, Wien, S. 256‒313.
15. Davidson, Ivor J. (2002) “Introduction”, in I. J. Davidson (ed.) Ambrose. De Officiis. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 1, pp. 1‒112.
16. Faivre, Alexandre (1983) “Clerc/laïc: histoire d’une frontière”. Revue des Sciences Religieuses, t. 57, fasc. 3, pp. 195‒220.
17. Faivre, Alexandre (1977) Naissance d’une hiérarchie: Les premières étapes du cursus clérical. Paris: Beauchesne.
18. Fernandez, Alonso J. (1955) La cura pastoral en la Espana visigoda. Roma.
19. Finn, Thomas M. “It Happened One Saturday Night: Ritual and Conversion in Augustine’s North Africa”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 58/4, 1990, pp. 589‒616.
20. Fontaine, J., Pellistrandi, C. (eds.) (1992) L’Europe héritière de l’Espagne wisigothique. Madrid.
21. García, Paredes Jose C. R. (1991) Teología fundamental de los sacramentos. Madrid.
22. Greenslade, Stanley L. (1956) “Ordo”. Scottish Journal of Theology, vol. 9/2, pp. 161‒174.
23. Gryson, Roger (1970) Les origines du célibat ecclésiastique: Du premier au septième siècle. Gembloux.
24. Gurevich, Aron J. (1973) “Narodnaia kul’tura rannego srednevekov’ia v zerkale «pokaiannykh knig»” [“The Early Medieval Popular Culture as Refl ected in «Penitential Books»”]. Srednie veka, vol. 37, pp. 38‒39 (In Russian).
25. Harris, William V. (1989) Ancient literacy. Cambridge, Harvard.
26. James, Edward (1984) “Bede and the Tonsure Question”. Peritia, vol. 9, pp. 85‒98.
27. Kerov, V., Sakharov, P. (2011) “Tonzura” [“Tonsure”], in Katolicheskaia entsiklopediia. Vol. 4. Moscow, col. 1407‒1408 (in Russian).
28. Lawson, Anthony C. (1938) “The Sources of the De ecclesiasticis offi ciis of S. Isidore of Seville”. Revue Bénédictine, vol. 50, pp. 26‒36.
29. Lawson, Christopher M. (1989) “Introduction”, in C. M. Lawson (ed.) Isidorus Hispalensis. De ecclesiasticis officiis. Turnhout, pp. 1‒163.
30. Lebedev, Alexei P. (1905) Dukhovenstvo Drevnei Vselenskoi Tserkvi (ot vremen apostol’skikh do 9 veka): Istoricheskie ocherki [Clergy of the Ancient Oecumenical Church from Apostolic Times to the 9th Century: Historical Essays]. Moscow (in Russian).
31. Lübker, Friedrich (1885) Reallexikon des klassischen Altertums für Gymnasien. St Petersburg (Russian translation).
32. Luchitskaia, Svetlana I. (2008) “Vvedenie” [“Intoduction”], in Odissei: chelovek v istorii. 2008: Script / Oralia: vzaimodeistvie ustnoi i pis’mennoi traditsii v Srednie veka i rannee Novoe vremia [Odysseus: Man in History. Script/Oralia: The Written and the Oral in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time]. Moscow, pp. 7‒13 (in Russian).
33. Marey, Elena S. (2013) “Sapientiam sine eloquentia prodesse non est dubium: vzaimosviazÿ mudrosti i krasnorechiia v proizvedeniiakh Isidora Sevilÿskogo” [“Sapientiam sine eloquentia prodesse non est dubium: Relationship between Wisdom and Eloquence in Texts of Isidore of Seville”]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia I: Bogoslovie. Filosofiia. Religiovedenie, vol. 45, pp. 7‒19 (in Russian).
34. Marey, Elena S. (2018) “Sacerdos vs. Episcopus. Ispolšzovanie traktata «O semi tserkovnykh chinakh» Isidorom Sevilšskim (istochnikovedcheskiĭ aspekt)” [“Sacerdos vs. Episcopus. Employment of the Treatise De septem ordinibus ecclesiae by Isidore of Seville (A Source Study)”]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia I: Bogoslovie. Filosofiia. Religiovedenie, vol. 76, pp. 11‒22 (in Russian).
35. Markus, Robert A. (1985) “The Sacred and the Secular: From Augustine to Gregory the Great”. The Journal of Theological Studies, vol. 36/1, pp. 84–96.
36. Mazza, Enrico (1989) Mystagogy: A Theology of Liturgy in the Patristic Age. New York.
37. McCormick, Michael (1987) “Byzantium’s Role in the Formation of Early Medieval Civilization: Approaches and Problems”. Illinois Classical Studies, vol. 12/2, 1987, pp. 207‒220.
38. McGowan, Andrew (2014) Ancient Christian Worship: Early Church Practices in Social, Historical, and Theological Perspective. Michigan: Baker Academic.
39. McGowan, Andrew (1999) Ascetic Eucharists: Food and Drink in Early Christian Ritual Meals. Oxford.
40. Mills, Robert (2004) “The Signifi cation of the Tonsure”, in P. H. Cullum, K. J. Lewis (eds.) Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. Cardiff, pp. 109‒126.
41. Nakhov, Isai M. (1987) “Fiziognomika kak otrazhenie sposoba tipizatsii v antichnoi literature” [“Physiognomy as a Refl ection of the Typifi cation Method in Ancient Literature”]. Zhivoe nasledie antichnosti. Voprosy klassicheskoi filologii. 1987, vol. 9, pp. 69–89 (in Russian).
42. Nicolau, Miguel (1971) Ministros de Cristo: sacerdocio y sacramento del orden. Madrid.
43. Oexle, Otto G. (1990) “Stand, Klasse (Antike und Mittelalter)”, in R. Koselleck (Hrsg.) Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, vol. 6, Stuttgart, pp. 156‒200.
44. Orlandis, Jose Ramos-Lisson Domingo (1986) História de los concilios de la España romana y visigoda. Pamplona.
45. Pellegrini, Pietrina (2008) Militia Clericatus Monachici Ordines: Istituzioni Ecclesiastiche e Società in Gregorio Magno. Catania.
46. Rhijn, Carine van (2016) “Manuscripts for Local Priests and the Carolingian Reforms”, in C. Rhijn, S. Patzold (eds.) Men in the Middle: Local Priests in Early Medieval Europe. Berlin, Boston, pp. 177‒198.
47. Sakharov, Stanislav A. (2011) “Osobennosti pravovogo statusa dukhovenstva v pozdnei Rimskoi imperii (po dannym «Kodeksa Feodosia»)” [“The Peculiarities of the Clergymen’s Legal Status in the Later Roman Empire (According to Codex Theodosianus)”]. Khristianskoe chtenie, vol. 5, pp. 158‒170 (in Russian).
48. Sánchez, Prieto Ana B. (2014) Rabano Mauro, Sobre la educación de los clérigos (De institutione clericorum): Alcance y penetración de la escuela carolingia. Tesis doctoral. Madrid.
49. Schmitt, Jean-Claud (1992) “La notion de sacré et son application a l’histoire du christianisme médiéval”. Les Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Historiques, vol. 9, pp. 19‒29.
50. Scholliers, P. (2001) “Meals, Food Narratives, and Sentiments of Belonging in Past and Present”, in P. Scholliers (ed.) Food, Drink and Identity: Cooking, Eating and Drinking in Europe Since the Middle Ages. Oxford, New York, pp. 3‒22.
51. Slyke, Daniel G. van (2005) “The Devil and His Pomps in Fifth-Century Carthage: Renouncing Spectacula with Spectacular Imagery”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 59, pp. 53‒72.
52. Smith, Dennis E. (2003) From Symposium to Eucharist: The Banquet in the Early Christian World. Minneapolis.
53. Sotomayor, Muro M. (1979) “La Iglesia en la España romana”, in R. García-Villoslada (ed.) Historia de la Iglesia en España. Vol. I: La Iglesia en la España romana y visigoda: (s. I‒VIII). Madrid, pp. 7‒400.
54. Turner, Victor (1983) “The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure” (Russian translation), in Simvol i ritual. Moscow, pp. 104‒263.
55. Vilanou, Conrad (2003) “Literatura Cristiana i metafores esportives”. Revista Catalana de Teologia, vol. 28, pp. 457‒470.
56. Waszink, Jan H. (1947) “Pompa Diaboli”. Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 1, pp. 13‒41.
57. Winniczuk, Lidia (1988) Ludzie, zwyczaje, obyczaje starożytnej Grecji i Rzymu. Moscow (Russian translation).

Birkin Mikhail

Based on the works of patriarch St. Athanasius I of Constantinople (1289–1293, 1303–1309) and some other sources, this paper deals with the participation of women in the Arsenite schism (1265–1310). There are three main roles of women in the schism: 1) The role of high patronesses as well as mothers and educators of new members. A typical example is the sister of Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologos, Maria- Marfa, mother of Ioannes Tarchaneiotes and grandmother of Alexios Philanthropenos, the two distinguished Arsenites. 2) The role of ordinary participants, which was, mainly, a passive position in the schism and participation in the creation of informational and propagandistic background. 3) The “charismatic” role of active participants in liturgical life, performers of rituals and sacraments; this is the most extraordinary and least documented role of women in the Arsenite movement. It demonstrates clearly the processes of degeneration of a church schism into a para-Christian sect. This duty of women in the Arsenite schism has probably no connection with the “custom of the deaconesses”, which was liquidated by Patriarch Athanasius I.

Arsenite schism, Arsenites, patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople, antischismatic literature, woman in Byzantine Empire, woman in church, female priesthood, deaconess, parachristianity

1. Adler, A. (ed.) (1967‒1971) Suidae lexicon, vol. 1–4, Stuttgart.
2. Boojamra, J. (1982) Church Reform in the Late Byzantine Empire. A Study for the Patriarchate of Athanasios of Constantinople. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies.
3. Demetrakos, D. (1933–1951) Mega lexikon holis tis hellenikis glossis [Great Dictionary of the Entire Greek Language]. Athens: Dome (in Greek).
4. Eustratiades, S. (1928) “Ho patriarchis Arsenios Autoreianos (1255‒1260 kai 1261‒1267)” [“The Patriarch Arsenius Autorianus (1255‒1260 and 1261‒1267)”]. Hellenica, 1928, vol. 1, pp. 78‒94 (in Greek).
5. Gounaridis, P. (1999) To kinima ton Arseniaton (1261‒1310): ideologikes diamaches tin epochin ton proton Palaiologon [The Arsenite Movement (1261‒1310): Ideological Strife during the Early Palaiologoi]. Athens: Domos (in Greek).
6. Gregoropoulos, I. (ed.) (1996) Theoleptou Philadelpheias tou Homologitou (1250‒1322) Bios kai Erga. B meros: Kritiko keimeno — scholia [Life and Works of Theoleptos of Philadelphia the Confessor (1250‒1322). Pt. 2: Critical Text and Commentary]. Katerini: Tertios (in Greek).
7. Lampe, G. (ed.) (1961) A Patristic Greek Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Latte, K. (ed.) (1953, 1966) Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon, vols. 1‒2, Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
9. Laurent, V. (1971) Les regestes des actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople. Vol. I (Les actes des patriarches).
10. Fasc. IV (Les regestes de 1208 à 1309). Paris: Inst. fr. d’études byzantines.
11. Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. (1996) A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Mitsiou, E. (2008) “Das Doppelkloster des Patriarchen Athanasios I in Konstantinopel: Historisch-prosopographische und wirtschaftliche Beobachtungen”. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, vol. 58, Ss. 87‒107.
13. Patedakis, M. (2004) Athanasios I, Patriarch of Constantinople (1289‒1293; 1303‒1309): A Critical Edition with Introduction and Commentary of Selected Unpublished Works (PhD dissertation). University of Oxford.
14. Rhalles, G., Potles, M. (ed.) (1966) Syntagma ton theion kai hieron kanonon [Constitution of divine and sacred Canons], t. 2, Athens: Grigoris Publications (in Greek).
15. Sykoutres, I. (1929) “Peri to schima ton Arseniaton” [«On the Schism of the Arsenites”]. Hellenica, vol. 2, pp. 267‒332 (in Greek).
16. Talbot, A.-M. (ed.) (1975) The Correspondence of Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople: Letters to the Emperor Andronicus II, Members of the Imperial Family, and Officials. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
17. Tittmann, J. (ed.) (1967) Iohannis Zonarae lexicon ex tribus codicibus manuscriptis, vols. 1‒2. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
18. Trapp, E., Walther, R., Beyer, H.-V., et al. (eds.) (2001) Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. Wien (CD-ROM).
19. Van Dieten, J. (ed.) (1975) Nicetae Choniatae historia, pars prior. Berlin: De Gruyter.
20. Vishnyak, Mikhail A. (2017) “Obraz arsenitov v epistoliarnom nasledii patriarkha Afanasiia I Konstantinopol’skogo” [“The Image of the Arsenites in the Correspondence of Athanasius I, the Patriarch of Constantinople”]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, vol. 22, № 5, pp. 16‒26 (in Russian).
21. Zheltov, M. (2006) “Diakonissa” [“Deaconess”]. Pravoslavnaia Entsiklopediia [Orthodox Encyclopedia], 2006, vol. 14, pp. 580‒587 (in Russian).

Vishnyak Mikhail

This article studies education as a social lift with career and educational paths of alumni of the Academic Gymnasium as an example; the aim of the study is to clarify to what extent they enriched the educated elite of the Russian Empire. The question of the reproduction of the elite of the Russian Empire of the 18th century is closely connected with the study of intergenerational social mobility. This problem is dealt with in the article on the example of changes in the social composition and career strategies of students of the Academic Gymnasium. In all, ca. 2000 people are known who entered the Gymnasium of the Academy of Sciences from 1726 to 1765. 424 of them were of noble origin, which is 21% of the total number of the students. The number children of generals (1‒5 grades in the Table of Ranks) and the highest nobility in the total number of noblemen was 72 people (17% of the established number of students of noble origin). The probability of joining the elite of the Russian Empire from the ordinary gentry was six times smaller than that of the children of members of the elite when it concerns the first five classes of the Table of Ranks, and seven times smaller in the fi rst three ranks. The chances of non-noble people to get into the elite were no more than a fraction of the percentage, and sometimes it was the activities in the fi eld of science and arts that opened up opportunities for career growth. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that for the poor and not particularly noble representatives of the gentry the Academic Gymnasium was the fi rst step in the way to obtain the highest ranks in the Russian Empire. The education obtained in the Gymnasium, the knowledge of languages and the acquisition of general culture undoubtedly served as an important if not the key factor in socialisation and came to be a prerequisite for a successful career.

education, elite, generals, nobility, career advancement, social status, Gymnasium of the Imperial Academy of Sciences

1. Fedyukin, Igor, Gabdrakhmanov, Salavat (2016) “Cultural Capital in an Early Modern Elite School: The Noble Cadet Corps in St Petersburg, 1732–1762”. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2016, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 485–516.
2. Kostina, Tatyana (2016) “Podgotovka elit Rossiiskoi Imperii v uchebnykh zavedeniiakh Akademii nauk (1726–1805)” [«Education of the Elites of the Russian Empire in the Educational Institutions of the Academy of Sciences”], in I. Tunkina (ed.) Aktual’noe proshloe: vzaimodeistvie i balans interesov Akademii nauk i rossiiskogo gosudarstva v XVIII — nachale XX v. [Topical Past: Interaction and Balance of Interests of the Academy of Sciences and the Russian State in the 18th — Early 20th Centuries], St Petersburg, vol. 1, pp. 207–302 (in Russian).
3. Kusber, Jan (2012) “Kakie znaniia nuzhny dvorianinu dlia zhizni? Provintsial’nye i stolichnye vospitatel’nye diskursy vtoroi poloviny XVIII i nachala XIX veka” [“What Kind of Education is Necessary for a Nobleman? Provincial and Metropolitan Educational Discourse of the Latter Half of the 18th — Early 19th Centuries], in Dvorianstvo, vlast’ i obshchestvo v provintsial’noi Rossii XVIII veka [Nobility, Authorities and Society in Provincial Russia of the 18th Century]. Moscow, pp. 269–291 (in Russian).
4. «Skaski» elizavetinskoi Rossii: Opros sanovnikov, sotrudnikov gosuchrezhdenii, pridvornykh pri dvore Elizavety Petrovny, 1754–1756 gg. [“Skaski” of Elizabethan Russia: Interrogating High Officials, Civil Officers, Courtiers in the Court of Elizaveta Petrovna, 1754‒1756], in Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel’stvakh i dokumentakh XVIII—XX vv.: Al’manakh [Russian Archive: History of Motherland in Testimonies and Documents of the 18th — 20th Centuries: An Almanac], 2007, vol. 15, pp. 64‒168 (in Russian).
5. Stepanov, Vladimir P. (1999) “Koz’min”, in Slovar’ russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka [Lexicon of Russian Writers of the 18th Century], St Petersburg, vol. 2, p. 102 (in Russian).

Feofanov Alexander

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article is devoted to the initial stage of the study of the ancient amuletzmeevik of the 11th century called “Chernigov grivna” or “Grivna of Vladimir Monomakh”. The aim of the article is to examine the nature of the scientifi c activity of metropolitan Eugene (Bolkhovitinov), who was one of the fi rst to start the study of this artifact. The golden Chernigov grivna was discovered by local residents by the river Belous near Chernigov in July 1821. This was the fi rst of the zmeeviks found which has a Christian image on the one side and a pagan one on the other, accompanied by Slavic and Greek inscriptions. The discovery aroused great interest of academics in Russia. A community of scholars which collaborated with Chancellor N. P. Rumiantsev and which later received the name “Rumyantsev’s Circle” was the fi rst to study the grivna. Metropolitan Eugene was in active contact with Rumyantsev’s Circle in his study of the artifact, proposed his variant of reading the inscriptions, urged other academics to publish their studies of the grivna. In 1826, following Rumyantsev’s death, the Circle ceased to exist. Alongside Rumyantsev’s Circle, the study of grivna was carried out by the Society for the History and Antiquities of Russia at Imperial Moscow University, the members of which were many scholars who collaborated with Rumyantsev. The periodicals of the Society published a range of studies of grivna. The article of metropolitan Eugene summed up the initial stage of its study. Rumyantsev’s Circle and the Society represented diff erent forms of academic communities that were typical of the Enlightenment. They ensured the advancement of scholarly knowledge in the public space, thus forming the cultural and intellectual demands of the educated reader. Metropolitan Eugene’s study of Chernigov grivna carried out in this domain was of an enlightening nature.

Alexander’s epoch, Russian Enlightenment, Chernigov grivna, zmeevik, Rumyantsev’s Circle, Society for the History and Antiquities of Russia at Imperial Moscow University, metropolitan Eugene (Bolkhovitinov)

1. Artemeva, T., Mikeshin, M. (2008) “Intellektualnye soobshhestva v Rossii v epohu Prosveshheniya” [“Intellectual Communities in Russia in the Age of Enlightenment”], in Chelovek vchera i segodnya: mezhdisciplinarnye issledovaniya [The Human yesterday and Today: Interdisciplinary Studies], vol. 2, pp. 223–233.
2. Kozlov, V. P. (1989) “Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo” N. M. Karamzina v ocenkah sovremennikov [The “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin in the Assessments of his Contemporaries]. Moscow.
3. Kozlov, V. P. (1981) Kolumby rossiyskih drevnostey [The Columbs of Russian Antiquities]. Moscow.
4. Krasnobaev, B. I. (1983) Russkaya kultura XVII — nachala XIX v. [Russian Culture of the 17th and Early 19th Centuries]. Moscow.
5. Medvedev, I. P. (2013). “Neizvestnyj epizod iz ranney istorii obnaruzheniya Chernigovskoy grivny” [“Unknown Episode from the Early History of the Discovery of Chernigov Grivna”]. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, vol. 69, pp. 530–534.
6. Medvedev, I. P. (2013). “Ya ne veryu v talismanologiyu” (Evgeniy Bolhovitinov o Chernigovskoy grivne)” [“I do not Believe in Talismanology” (Eugene Bolkhovitinov on Chernigov Grivna)”]. Antichnaya drevnost i srednie veka, vol. 41, pp. 333–339.
7. Nikolaeva, T. V., Chernecov, A. V. (1991) Drevnerusskie amulety-zmeeviki [Ancient Russian Amulets-Zmeeviks]. Moscow.
8. Pleshanova, I. I., Lihacheva, L. D. (1985) Drevnerusskoe dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo v sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Russkogo muzeya [Old Russian Decorative and Applied Art in the Collection of the State Russian Museum]. Leningrad.
9. Saraskina, L. I. (2003) Graf N. P. Rumyantsev i ego vremya [Count N. Rumyantsev and his Time]. Moscow.

Klochkova Marina

This article deals with a dramatic page in the Russian-Swiss pedagogical relations. In 1799, two Swiss teachers, David-Louis Dupujet and Jean-Victor Sybourg, who served at the Russian imperial court and educated the Grand Dukes and Duchesses — the children of Emperor Paul I — went to exile to the east of the Russian Empire. Their accusation was not connected with any specifi c misconduct, but stemmed from mere suspicions that they were in contact with their friends abroad who sympathised with the revolutionary processes that were taking place in Europe at that time. The article analyses the reasons for the emergence of a group of Swiss educators (tutors and governesses) at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries at the Russian court, as well as a change in their position in connection with Russia’s entry into the anti-French coalition and the outbreak of hostilities that directly aff ected Switzerland. Based on new sources obtained from the archives, as well as on letters that were never translated into Russian before, the paper discusses the reasons for the exile of Sybourg and Dupujet and the peculiarities of the investigation of their case, which vividly refl ect the general features and atmosphere of the reign of Paul I. The return of the Swiss teachers from the exile has been considered in the context of changes in Russia’s foreign policy at the turn of the 18th — 19th centuries.

Russia, Switzerland, education, Paul I, the imperial family, tutors and governesses, exile, La Harpe, Rostopchin, foreign policy

1. Andreev, Andrei Yu. (2016) “Formirovanie vospitatel’noi kontseptsii F.-S. Lagarpa: evropeiskie idealy i russkaia praktika” [“Formation of the Educational Conception of F.-C. La Harpe: European Ideals and Russian Practice”]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia II: Istoriia. Istoriia Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi, 2016, vol. 4(71), pp. 58–73 (in Russian).
2. Andreev, Andrei Yu. & Tozato-Rigo Daniel’ (2014) Imperator Aleksandr I i Frederik-Sezar Lagarp. Pis’ma. Dokumenty [The Emperor Alexander I and Frédéric-César La Harpe. Letters. Documents]. Vol. 1 (1782–1802). Moscow: Politicheskaia entsiklopediia (in Russian).
3. Andreev, Andrei & Tosato-Rigo, Danièle (2017) “Un précepteur éclairé à l’épreuve: Frédéric-César de La Harpe à la Cour impériale de Russie (1783–1795)”. Slověne. International Journal of Slavic Studies, 2017, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 365–384.
4. Bastide, Philippe & Kastl, Elisabeth (2004) Correspondance de Frédéric-César de La Harpe sous la République Helvétique. T. IV. Genève: Slatkine.
5. de Mestral, Gaston (1918) “Lettres d’une Suissesse à Petrograde en 1799 et 1800”. Revue historique vaudoise, 1918, vol. 26, issue 1, pp. 18–30.
6. Mitrofanov, Andrei A. (2007) “Graf dʼAntreg: sluga piati korolei i trekh imperatorov” [“Count d’Antraigues: Servant of Five Kings and Three Emperors”]. Novaia i noveishaia istoria, 2007, № 2, pp. 188–200 (in Russian).
7. Mottaz, Eugène (1927) “Un Yverdonnois en Russie: Louis du Puget”. Gazette de Lausanne. 21.08.1927.
8. Smekalina, Valentina V. (2018) “Guvernantka pri tsarskom dvore. Kak vospityvali vnuchku Ekateriny II velikuiu kniazhnu Elenu Pavlovnu” [“A Governess at the Royal Court. How Catherine’s II Granddaughter Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna was Brought Up”]. Rodina, 2018, № 5, pp. 98–101 (in Russian).
9. Tozato-Rigo, Daniel’ (2014) “«Pol’zuiutsia reputatsiei liudei poriadochnykh i ser’eznykh». Shveitsarskie guvernery i guvernantki v Rossii (1750–1850)” [“«They Enjoy the Reputation of Decent and Serious People». Swiss Tutors and Governesses in Russia (1750–1850)”]. Rodina, 2014, № 1, pp. 30–34 (in Russian).
10. Tosato-Rigo, Danièle & Moret Petrini, Sylvie (2017) L’appel de l’Est. Précepteurs et gouvernantes suisses à la Cour de Russie (1760–1820). Lausanne.

Andreev Andrei

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

This article analyses Count P.V. Zavadovsky’s policy as Minister of Education in the Russian Empire in the early 19th century. The aim is to evaluate Zavadovsky’s contribution to the formation of the system of public education and his role in increasing the number of educational institutions. The task of the minister was not only to promote the transformation of gymnasiums, provincial schools and parish schools according to a new plan and try to increase the number of educated people in the country, but also to be in charge of the reasonable spending of state funds allocated to educational institutions. The article shows the stages of Zavadovsky’s civil service, his great administrative experience in the fi eld of education, which impelled Emperor Alexander I to appoint Zavadovsky head of the recently established Ministry of Education. The author of the article has revealed a full set of the minister’s reports to His Imperial Majesty, a signifi cant part of which is being made public for the fi rst time. The reports consisted of the minister’s presentations to the emperor and a large number of documents that refl ected the main activities of the ministry over the past year. In addition to his signifi cant success, Zavadovsky also mentioned the diffi culties that had to be faced in the process of the educational reform. The article pays special attention to the activities of the Committee for the inspection of reports to His Imperial Majesty, which examined in detail the documents submitted by the minister to the emperor. The conclusion of the article is that Zavadovsky’s yearly reports to His Imperial Majesty allow us to study in detail the stages of the activity of the Ministry of Education in the first years of its existence, during which the minister played a key role.

Ministry of Public Education, P. V. Zavadovsky, educational institutions, yearly reports to His Imperial Majesty, Committee for the inspection of ministerial reports, Alexander I

1. Аndreev, Аndrej Yu. (2010) “F.-S. Lagarp i razrabotka reformy narodnogo obrazovaniya v Rossii” [“F.-S. Laharpe and the Preparation of the Reform of Education in Russia”]. Rossijskaya istoriya, 2010, vol. 6, pp. 40‒46 (in Russian).
2. Аndreev, А., Tozato-Rigo, D. (eds.) (2014) Imperator Аleksandr I i Frederik-Sezar Lagarp: Pis’ma. Dokumenty [The Emperor Alexander I and Frederick-Cesar Laharpe: Letters. Documents], vol. 1: 1782–1802. Moscow (in Russian).
3. Аndreev, А., Tozato-Rigo, D. (eds.) (2017) Imperator Аleksandr I i Frederik-Sezar Lagarp: Pis’ma. Dokumenty [The Emperor Alexander I and Frederick-Cesar Laharpe: Letters. Documents], vol. 2: 1802–1815. Moscow, 2017 (in Russian).
4. Khoteenkov, V. F., Cherneta, V. G. (2002) “Pervyj ministr narodnogo prosveshheniya Rossij skoj Imperii graf Petr Vasil’evich Zavadovskij ” [“First Minister of Public Education of the Russian Empire Count Peter Zavadovsky”], in Ocherki istorii rossijskogo obrazovaniya: K 200-letiyu Ministerstva obrazovaniya Rossij skoj Federatsii [Studies of the History of Russian Education: Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation]. Moscow, vol. 1, pp. 10‒52 (in Russian).
5. Petrov, Fedor А. (2002) Formirovanie sistemy universitetskogo obrazovaniya v Rossii. T. 2: Stanovlenie sistemy universitetskogo obrazovaniya v Rossii v pervye desyatiletiya 19 veka [“Formation of the University Education System in Russia, vol. 2: Formation of the University Education System in Russia in the First Decades of the 19th Century”]. Moscow (in Russian).
6. Pozdnyakov, Аleksandr N. (2017) “Obrazovatel’naya reforma Аleksandra I po otchetam ministra narodnogo prosveshheniya (1802–1804 gg.)” [“Educational Reform of Alexander I according to the Reports of the Minister of Public Education (1802‒1804)”], in Istoricheskoe proshloe i obrazy istorii: materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii, posvyashhennoj 100-letiyu istoricheskogo obrazovaniya v Saratovskom universitete [Historical past and Images of History: Materials of the 3rd International Scientifi c Conference Devoted to the 100th Anniversary of Historical Education at Saratov University], Saratov, pp. 108‒114 (in Russian).
7. Prikhod’ko, Mikhail А. Uchrezhdenie ministerskoj sistemy upravleniya v Rossii v 1802–1835 gg.: Pravovoj aspect, available at: https://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/09/381fb1c62250054169cd6a4f54ddded2dbdf0678.pdf. (16.04.2018).
8. Zhukovskaya, Tat’yana N. (2013) “Prosvetitel’skie proekty «molodykh druzej» i sozdanie ministerstva narodnogo prosveshheniya (1802)” [“Educational Projects of “Young Friends” and Inception of the Ministry of Public Education”], in Vlast’, obshhestvo, armiya: Sbornik nauchnykh statej [Power, Society, Army: Collection of Scientifi c Papers], St Peterburg, pp. 181–191 (in Russian).

Gracheva Yulia

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article studies the activities of Vologda surgical infi rmary in the early 20th century. It raises the issue of the organisation of medical help in the town of Vologda, which remains topical even today. The analysis of historiography has revealed that this topic has not been suffi ciently studied. The article traces the formation and development of the surgical infi rmary paying special attention to the status of the institution that operated in conjunction with the Society of Medical Nurses in Vologda. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the role of nurses in the activities of the clinic. Close relationship of the Society of Nurses with the surgical infi rmary largely determined the special position of the hospital and the attitudes of the authorities of Vologda to it. The article examines separately the activities of the surgical infi rmary, which was transformed into a hospital, during World War I. The statistical data cited in the article clearly demonstrate the degree of the necessity of the institution in various years of its operation. Following the analysis of the quantity and quality of the treatment, the author of the paper draws the conclusion about the role of the infi rmary in the healthcare in Vologda. The article studies the activities of the clinic from its inception to 1915. The information obtained in the study is of interest to those who deal with history of Russia, history of medicine, charity.

charity, medicine, Sisters of Mercy, surgical hospital, the beginning of the XX century, a military hospital, the Russian Red Cross Society, Vologda

1. Shirokogorov, Vladimir L. Tseny i oklady: dorevolyutsionnaya Rossiya, available at: http://yarko.webasyst.net/shop/blog/169 (15.10.2017).
2. Vlasov, Pavel V. (2001) Blagotvoritel’nost’ i miloserdie v Rossii [Philanthropy and Charity in Russia]. Moscow (in Russian).
3. Gerasimenko, Grigoriy A. (1990) Zemskoe samoupravlenie v Rossii [Self-Government of Zemstvo in Russia]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
4. Igumnov, Sergey F. (1940) Ocherk razvitiya zemskoy meditsiny v guberniyakh, voshedshikh v sostav USSR, v Besarabii i v Krymu [Outline of the Development of Zemstvo Medicine in the Provinces that Became Part of the USSR, Bessarabia and Crimea]. Kiev (in Russian).
5. Karpov, Lev N. (1964) Zemskaya sanitarnaya organizatsiya v Rossii [Sanitary Organisation of Zemstvo in Russia]. Leningrad (in Russian).
6. Kozlovtseva, Elena N. (2010) Moskovskie obshchiny sester miloserdiya v 19 — nachale 20 veka [Moscow Communities of Sisters of Mercy in the 19th — Early 20th Centuries]. Mоscоw (in Russian).
7. Levit, Moisey M. (1974) Stanovlenie obshchestvennoy meditsiny v Rossii [Development of Healthcare in Russia]. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Lukomskiy, Meyer Ya. (1924) Stroitel’stvo rabochey meditsiny [Construction of Working Medicine]. Moscow (in Russian).
9. Poddubnyy, M., Egorysheva, I., Sherstneva, E., Blokhina, N., Goncharova, S. (2014) Istoriya zdravookhraneniya dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii (konets 16 — nachalo 20 v.) [History of Healthcare in Pre-Revolutionary Russia (Late 16th — Early 20th Centuries). Moscow (in Russian).
10. Bulgakova, L. A. (ed.) (2011) Meditsina Rossii v gody voyny i mira: Novye dokumenty i issledovaniya [Medicine of Russia in the Years of War and Peace: New Documents and Studies]. St Petersburg (in Russian).
11. Mirskiy, Mark B. (1996) Meditsina Rossii 16 — 19 vekov [Medicine of Russia in the 16th — 19th Centuries]. Moscow (in Russian).
12. Pirumova, Nataliya M. (1986) Zemskaya intelligentsiya i ee rol’ v obshchestvennoy bor’be do nachala 20 v. [Intelligentsia of Zemstvo and its Role in the Social Struggle until the Beginning of the 20th Century]. Moscow (in Russian).
13. Posternak, Andrey V. (2001) Ocherki po istorii obshchin sester miloserdiya [Studies of the History of Communities of Sisters of Mercy]. Moscow (in Russian).
14. Strashun, Ilya D. (1965) Ocherki istorii russkoy obshchestvennoy meditsiny [Studies of the History of Russian Public Medicine]. Moscow (in Russian).
15. Turupanov, Nikolay L. (1993) Delo, vybrannoe serdtsem. Chast’ I (Ocherki iz istorii meditsiny Vologodskogo kraya) [The Cause Chosen by Heart. Pt. 1. (Studies of the History of Medicine in Vologda Region)], Vologda (in Russian).
16. Tsvetkov, Aleksandr P. (1959) Iz istorii khirurgii Vologodskoy oblasti [From the History of Surgery of Vologda Region]. Vologda (in Russian).

Borzykh Anastasia

This article identifi es and gives an outline of views of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, one of the leaders of the Czechoslovak national movement, on the Russian revolution and bolshevism. The article also touches upon problems of the Czechoslovak national movement as Russia played the main role in their solution. In the course of his trips to Russia, Štefánik took a positive attitude to our country. During his fi rst journey to Russia in 1906–1907, he had an opportunity to become comprehensively familiar with the country, explore and get to love its vast expanse because from St Petersburg he set out for Tashkent. In the future he came to be a witness of events taking place in Russia in the period of revolution and civil war. Revolutionary events of 1917 have convinced Štefánik that Russia is losing its positions of a strong and infl uential country and cannot support the national movemenets of Czechs and Slovaks. The scholar considered bolshevism to be a reason for the decline of Russia. He regarded bolshevism as a threat that might like a bonfi re spread onto other nations. Because of this he regarded his activity for the strengthening of the military readiness of Czechoslovac legions in Siberia as his contribution to the resistance to bolshevists’ ideas.

Russian revolution, bolshevism, Russia, subjective perception, Czechs and Slovaks in Russia, M. R. Štefánik, sources of personal origin, civil war, Czechoslovak Legion, astronomic expedition, diplomacy

1. Amort, Ch., Klevanskii, A., Nedorezov, A., Pivoluska, J. (eds.) (1973) Dokumenty i materiaiy po istorii sovetsko-chekhoslovatskikh otnoshenii. T. 1: noiabr’ 1917 — avgust 1922 [Documents and Materials for the History of Soviet-Czechoslovak Relations. Vol. 1: November 1917 — August 1922]. Moscow (in Russian).
2. Anvarbek, Farid (2006) “V Turkestan za solnechnym zatmeniem, kotoroe zatmil sneg” [“Going to Turkestan to Observe the Solar Eclipse, which was Eclipsed by Snow”]. Zerkalo: obshchestvennoinformatsionnyi ezhenedel’nik, 17.11.2006 (in Russian).
3. Cheshsko-slovatskii (Chekhoslovatskii) korpus. 1914‒1920. Dokumenty i materialy. T. 1. Cheshskoslovatskie voennye formirovaniia v Rossii. 1914‒1917 gg. [The Czech and Slovak (Czechodlovak) Corps. 1914‒1920. Documents and Materials. Vol. 1. The Czech and Slovak Military Units in Russia. 1914‒1917]. Moscow, 2013 (in Russian).
4. Fuska, J. (1999) M. R. Štefánik v myšlenkach a obrazoch. Bratislava.
5. Janin, M. (1923) Moje účast na československém boji za svobodu. Praha.
6. Juríček, J. (1969) M. R. Štefánik. Životopisný náčrt. Bratislava.
7. Husar, Jozef (2001) “Milan Rastislav Štefánik — astronom i politik” [“Milan Rastislav Štefáni, Astronomer and Politician”], in Milan Rastislav Štefánik: novyi vzgliad [Milan Rastislav Štefánik: New Look], Martin: Neographia, pp. 20‒27 (in Russian).
8. Klevanskii, Aleksandr Kh. (1965) Chekhoslovatskie internatsionalisty i prodannyi korpus [Czechoslovak Interationalists and the Sold Corps]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
9. Kolchinskii, I., Korsun’, A., Rodriges, M. (eds.) (1986) Astromomy: Biografi cheskii spravochnik [Astronomers: Biographical Reference Book]. Kiev (in Russian).
10. Lakomyi, F. (2001) “Doklad professora Lakomogo o prebyvanii M.R. Štefánika v Sibiri” [Professor Lakomy’s Report on M.R. Štefánik’s Stay in Siberia], in Milan Rastislav Štefánik: novyi vzgliad [Milan Rastislav Štefánik: New Look], Martin: Neographia, pp. 152‒157.
11. “Materialy nabliudenii za M.R. Štefánikom” [“Materials of Observing M.R. Štefánik”], in Milan Rastislav Štefánik: novyi vzgliad [Milan Rastislav Štefánik: New Look], Martin: Neographia, pp. 132‒145 (in Russian).
12. Moroz, V. (2000) “Tolstovskii listok” [“Tolstoi’s Leafl et”]. Moscow, 2000, issues 12‒13 (in Russian).
13. Serapionova, Elena P. (2009) “Chelovek-legenda Milan Rastislav Štefánik: ucheyi, politik, general” [“Legendary Person Milan Rastislav Štefánik: Scientist, Politician, General”], in Do i posle Versalia. Politicheskie lidery i ideia natsional’nogo gosudarstva v Tsentral’noi i Iugo-Vostochnoi Evrope [Before and After Versailles. Political Leaders and the Idea of National State in South-Eastern Europe]. Moscow, pp. 356‒373 (in Russian).
14. Polivka V. (ed.) (1928) Korespondencia Dr. Milana Rastislava Štefánika. Banská Bystrica.
15. Varsik, M. (1990) M. R. Štefánik. Bratislava.
16. Zadorozhniuk, Ella G. (2001) “Milan Rastislav Štefánik i Tomaš Garrigue Masaryk: zhizni i sud’by” [“Milam Rastislav Štefánik and Tomaš Garrigue Masaryk: Lives and Fates”], in Milan Rastislav Štefánik: novyi vzgliad [Milan Rastislav Štefánik: New Look], Martin: Neographia, pp. 57‒82 (in Russian).

Kolesnikov Boris

This article is devoted to the inscriptions on books of the 17th and 18th cc. in which notes of the priests Belozerovs from the town of Solikamsk occur. In all, 34 books that contain 51 notes of members of this family have been identifi ed. The study of this complex of sources has allowed us to reconstruct a range of storylines. In particular, the history of four generations of the Belozerov family has been traced. Thus, three generations of this family, at least from 1728 (the date of the fi rst mention of the forefather of the family Ioann Nikiforovich Belozerov) to 1810, served as sextons and deacons at the Church of the Epiphany in Solikamsk. I. N. Belozerov’s great grandson Mikhail Semenovich in the period of 1822–1836 served as a priest in the church of the village of Dedyukhino, located not far from Solikamsk. The Belozerovs were keepers of libraries of the two aforementioned churches: they registered the donations and left corresponding notes on the books (and, apparently, in record-keeping documents), ordered the sending of books from the сonsistory. In fi ve cases out of eight, the books were sent by order of Lavrentiy, bishop of Vyatka and Great Perm, who occupied the see in 1774–1796. The identifi ed records clearly demonstrate the order of forming and operating of provincial church libraries in the 18th and 19th cc. as well as the make-up of their donors. The latter is an important source for the local history because the donors belonged to the upper circle of local society: the merchants Anufrievs (Gerasim Anufriev was burgomaster of Solikamsk), Rostovshchikovs etc. The documents published here are the ahnentafel of the Belozerovs and relevant records cited in modern spelling.

clergy, Belozerov family, Solikamsk, village of Dedyukhino, Perm region, Anufrievs, Rostovshchikovs, church libraries, records on books, genealogy, social history, book culture

1. Belyankin, Yurij S. (2007) “Zapisi solikamskikh sviashchennikov Belozerovykh na kirillicheskikh izdaniiakh XVII –XVIII vv.” [“Notes of Solikamsk Priests Belozorovs on Cyrillic Books of the 17th — 18th cc.”]. Fedorovskie chteniya 2007, Moscow: Nauka, pp. 347–357 (in Russian).
2. Pozdeeva, Irina V. (ed.) (2003) Kirillicheskie izdaniia XVI–XVII vv. v khranilishchakh Permskoi oblasti: Katalog [Cyrillic Editions of the 16th — 17th Centuries in Repositories of Perm Region: Catalogue]. Perm (in Russian).
3. Pozdeeva, Irina V. (ed.) (2008) Kirillicheskie izdaniia 18 v. v khranilishchakh Permskoi oblasti [Cyrillic Editions of the 18th Century in Repositories of Perm region: Catalogue]. Perm (in Russian).
4. Pozdeeva, Irina V., Dadykin, Anton V., Pushkov, Viktor P. (2007) Moskovskii pechatnyi dvor — fakt i faktor russkoi kul’tury. 1652‒1700 gody: Issledovaniia i publikatsii [Moscow Print Yard: A Fact and a Factor in Russian Culture. The Years 1652‒1700: Studies and Publications”]. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
5. Shustova, Yuliya E. (2011) “Zapisi v izdaniiakh tipografi i L’vovskogo bratstva 1591–1644 godov iz sobraniia nauchno-issledovatel’skogo otdela redkikh knig (Muzeia knigi) RGB” [“Records in Publications of the Printing House of Lvov Brotherhood of 1591–1644 from the Collection of the Department of Rare books (Museum of Books), Russian State Library”], in Vivlioteka: Istoriya knigi i izuchenie knizhnyh pamyatnikov, vol. 2. Moscow, pp. 44–50 (in Russian).

Bogdanov Vladimir

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.