St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article is devoted to the problems of typologization of the church parties of the 4th century. This historical phenomenon arises within the framework of a long church conflict, called the Arian crisis. The designations of the church parties used by contemporaries are polemical concepts and do not correspond to the self-consciousness of their supporters. In the early Christian heresiological tradition and in the modern historiography, the basis of church parties’ classification is their theological position. However, it is necessary to take into account other consolidating factors, such as Eucharistic communion and church-political activity. The formation of church parties, as a rule, was directly related to the development of the synodal institution. Analysis of sources in the 4th century allows us to distinguish, in addition to the extensive currents - macro-parties - claiming a universal or regional consensus based on the heritage of one of the representative and authoritative councils, some small consolidated groups - micro-parties, which gather for little councils and constantly coordinate their actions within the ecclesiastical confrontation. Micro-parties could exist both within the limits of macro-party, in many respects determining the trends of it’s development, and beyond it’s boundaries. In the latter case, it is actually a marginal church group rallied around one or more extraordinary theologian, sometimes even without the episcopal rank.

church party, Early Christianity, Arian controversy, bishops, theology, councils, church oganization

1. Afanas'ev N., protopr. 2003. Tserkovnye sobory i ih proiskhozhdenie. Moskva.
2. Ayres L. 2004. Nicaea and its Legacy. An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology. Oxford; New York.
3. Barnes M. R. 1998. The Fourth Century as Trinitarian Canon, Christian Origins: Theology, Rhetoric and Community, L. Ayres, G. Jones, eds. L.; N. Y.,  47-67.
4. Barnes T. D. 1993. Athanasius and Constantius. Theology and politics in the Constantinian Empire. Cambridge (Mass.).
5. Behr J. 2004. Formation of Christian Theology. Vol. II: The Nicene Faith. Crestwood, Pt. 1.
6. Bolotov V. V. 1918. Lektsii po istorii drevnej tserkvi. T. IV. Petrograd.
7. Brennecke H. C. 2014.  Introduction: Framing the Historical and Theological Problems, Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed / G. M. Berndt, R. Steinacher, eds. Farnham, 1-19.
8. Brennecke H. C. 1988. Studien zur Geschichte der Homöer: der Osten bis zum Ende der homöischen Reichskirche. Tübingen.
9. Cavallera F. 1905. Le schisme d’Antioche (IVᵉ-Vᵉ siècle). Paris.
10. Florovsky G. 1967. The Authority of the Ancient Councils and the Tradition of the Fathers. An Introduction, Glaube, Geist, Geschichte. Festschrift für E. Benz zum 60. Geburtstage am 17 November 1967. Leiden, 177-188.
11. Gaudemet J.  1958. L'Église dans l'Empire Romain (IVe-Ve siècles). Paris.
12. Gwynn D. M. 2007. The Eusebians. The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the «Arian Controversy». Oxford.
13. Lienhard J. T. 1993. The «Arian» Сontroversy: some Сategories reconsidered, Doctrines of God and Christ in the Early Church. New York; London, 415-437.
14. Lienhard J. T. 1989. Basil of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and "Sabellius", Church History. Vol. 58. Pt. 2, 157-167.
15. Löhr W. A. 1993. A Sense of Tradition: the Homoiousian Church Party, Arianism after Arius: Essays on the Development of the Fourth Century Trinitarian Conflicts, M. R. Barnes, D. H. Williams, eds.  Edinburgh, 81-100.
16. Löhr W. A. 2014. Izmenchivyj obraz inakomysliya: eres' v rannekhristianskij period, Vestnik PSTGU. Seriya II: Istoriya. Istoriya Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi. 4(59), 9-27.
17. Mattei P. 2016. K voprosu o vzaimootnosheniyah mezhdu Amvrosiem i Gratsianom: hronologicheskie i istoricheskie problemy, svyazannye s traktatom «O vere»; tseli i znachenie Akvilejskogo sobora, Bozhestvennaya vlast', tserkovnaya ierarhiya i duhovnyj avtoritet v rannekhristianskoj latinskoj traditsii, G. E. Zakharov, red. Moskva, 94-118.
18. Parvis S. 2014. Was Ulfila really a Homoian? Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed, G. M. Berndt, R. Steinacher, eds. Farnham; Burlington, 49-65.
19. Reutter U. 2009. Damasus, Bischof von Rom (366-384). Leben und Werk. Tübingen.
20. Williams D. H. 1996. Another Exception to Later Fourth-Century «Arian» Typologies: The Case of Germinius of Sirmium, Journal of Early Christian Studies. 4, 335-357.
21. Zakharov G. E. 2014. Illirijskie cerkvi v ehpohu arianskih sporov (IV - nachalo V vv.). Moskva.
22. Zakharov G. E. 2016. Lucifer, ep. Karalitanskij,  Pravoslavnaya ehnciklopediya. Moskva. T. 41, 688-690.
23. Zakharov G. E. 2015. Tserkovnye sobory 381-382 godov i problema polyarizatsii zapadnoj i vostochnoj chastej pozdneantichnogo mira, Vestnik drevnej istorii. 2, 151-169.

Zakharov Georgy

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article is written in 2017 within the framework of the project "The relationship of the Eastern and Western Churches in the era of the Arian disputes" supported by PSTGU Development Foundation...

In 754 emperor Constantine V sought to defame the iconophile opposition by labeling John Damascene an agent of Arab influence. The fathers of Nicaenum II in 787 made a case for justifying external interference in the religious life of the Byzantine Empire. This stance was nuanced in polemical writings of the early 9th century. The author of the Life of St. Stephen the Younger presented external political pressure as internal by making the saint deliver a sermon on the geography of the iconoclast world in which political borders and ecclesiastical jurisdictions were deliberately tempered with. In late 810ies Theodore Studite and Patriarch Nicephorus launched a diplomatic enterprise aiming to increase the political pressure exercised from abroad over the recently reestablished iconoclast regime of Leo V. A close reading of Theodore’s letters and Nicephorus’ writings from exile sheds light on the underlying ideological basis of this trend. Michael II in his turn appropriated his opponents’ stratagem and tried to win over to his side an expanding external power -- the Carolingian empire -- and use it to suppress the iconophile opposition. In spite of the fact that the iconophile diplomatic efforts had negative rebound effects during the reign of Michael II, they were allotted a proper place in Byzantine cultural memory.

Byzantium, iconoclasm, Carolingian empire, hagiography, Theodore Studite, Stephen the Younger, Council of Hiereia, Nicaenum II, Constantine V, Patriarchate of Constantinople, John of Damascus

1. Cunningham M. B. (ed.) 1991. The Life of Michael the Synkellos. Belfast.
2. Déroche V. 2002. Note sur la Vie d’Étienne le Jeune et sa chronologie interne. Revue des études byzantines, 60, 179-188.
3. Dölger F., Preiser-Kapeller J., Riehle A., Müller A. E. (ed.) 2009. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565–1453, 1.1: Regesten von 565–867. 2nd ed. München.
4. Fatouros G. (ed.) 1992. Theodori Studitae Epistulae. 2 vols. Berlin; New York.
5. Gero S. 1973. Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III: With Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources. Leuven.
6. Grumel V. 1959. Les «Douze chapitres contre les iconomaques» de saint Nicéphore de Constantinople. Revue des études Byzantines, 17, 127-135.
7. Grumel V. 1960. Les relations politico-religieuses entre Byzance et Rome sous le règne de Léon l'Arménien. Revue des études Byzantines, 18, 19-44.
8. Haldon J. F. 1990. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge.
9. Halkin F. 1957. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca. 3rd ed. 3 vols. Brussels.
10. Lamberz E. (ed.) 2016. Concilium universale Nicaenum Secundum. Pt. 3: Concilii actiones VI–VII, Tarasii et synodi epistulae, Epiphanii sermo laudatorius, canones, Tarasii epistulae post synodum scriptae, appendix graeca. Berlin.
11. Lesmueller-Werner A., Thurn I. (ed.) 1978. Iosephi Genesii Regum libri quattuor. Berlin; New York.
12. Lilie R.-J., Ludwig C., Pratsch Th. etc. (ed.) 1998–2001. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. 1. Abteilung (641–867). 7 vols. Berlin; New York.
13. Lukhovitskii L. V. 2011. Pseudonymos i apseudes eikon v ikonoborcheskikh sporakh [Pseudonymos and apseudes eikon in the iconoclast controversy]. Indoevropeiskoe iazykoznanie i klassicheskaia filologiia, 15, 348-361.
14. Lukhovitskii L. V. 2013. Missiia prp. Mikhaila Sinkella i brat'ev Nachertannykh v istochnikakh IX–XIV vv.: Printsipy metafrazy i istoricheskaia pamiat' ob ikonoborchestve [The mission of St. Michael the Synkellos and the Graptoi brothers in 9th–14th century sources: Metaphrastic principles and historical memory of iconoclasm]. Vestnik PSTGU, Ser. III: Filologiia, 4 (34), 58-73.
15. McCormick M. 2008. Western Approaches (700–900). The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, c. 500–1492. Shepard J. (ed.). Cambridge, 395-432.
16. Migne J.-P. (ed.). 1860. Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca, 100. Paris.
17. Noble Th. F. X. 2009. Images, Ionoclasm, and the Carolingians. Philadelphia.
18. Papadopoulos-Kerameus A. (ed.) 1891. Analekta hierosolymetikes stachyologias [Selections from a Jerusalem Anthology], 1. Saint Petersburg.
19. Pitra I. B. (ed.) 1868. Iuris ecclesiastici graecorum historia et monumenta iussu Pii IX. Pont. Max., 2. Rome.
20. Pratsch Th. 1998. Theodoros Studites (759–826) zwischen Dogma und Pragma: Der Abt des Studiosklosters in Konstantinopel im Spannungsfeld von Patriarch, Kaiser und eigenem Anspruch. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin etc.
21. Signes-Codoñer J. 2013. Melkites and Icon Worship during the Iconoclast Period. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 67, 135-187.
22. Signes-Codoñer J. 2015. Theodore Studite and the Melkite Patriarchs on Icon Worship. L’aniconisme dans l’art religieux byzantin: Actes du colloque de Genève (1–3 octobre 2009). Campagnolo M., Magdalino P. etc. (ed.). Geneva, 95-103.
23. Sode C. 2005. Der Brief der Kaiser Michael II. und Theophilos an Kaiser Ludwig den Frommen. Zwischen Polis, Provinz und Peripherie: Beiträge zur byzantinischen Geschichte und Kultur. Hoffmann L.-M., Monchizadeh A. (ed.). Wiesbaden, 141-158.
24. Sode C. 2001. Jerusalem – Konstantinopel – Rom: Die Viten des Michael Synkellos und der Brüder Theodoros und Theophanes Graptoi. Stuttgart.
25. Speck P. 1981. Artabasdos, der rechtgläubige Vorkämpfer der göttlichen Lehren: Untersuchungen zur Revolte des Artabasdos und ihrer Darstellung in der byzantinischen Historiographie. Bonn.
26. Thurn I. (ed.) 1973. Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum. Berlin; New York.
27. Van den Gheyn I. 1899. Acta graeca ss. Davidis, Symeonis et Georgii, Mitylenae in insula Lesbo // Analecta bollandiana, 18, 209-259.
28. Werminghoff A. (ed.) 1908. Monumenta Germaniae historica. Legum sectio III: Concilia. T. 2: Concilia aevi Carolini, 2. Hannover; Leipzig.
29. Zielke B. 1999. Methodios I. (843–847). Die Patriarchen der ikonoklastischen Zeit: Germanos I. – Methodios I. (715–847). Lilie R.-J. (ed.). Frankfurt am Main; Berlin etc., 186-260.

Lukhovitskiy Lev

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article is written in 2017 within the framework of the project "The power of the Romans from Constantine the Great to Constantine Porphyrogenitus: the idea of the unity of the Empire" supported by PSTGU Development Foundation

This article "Secondary sources about calendar aspect of baptism and name choice in Medieval Rus’" is devoted to the researches of the 19th - the beginning of the 21th centuries that cover the issue of the main customs of early days of babies’ lives connected with calendar such as the name choice and baptizing. Firstly this studying was begun in the works devoted to the history of daily life, Orthodox church and Liturgics. The questions were raised as if a child might have several calendar names and how they were chosen, how its birthday was connected with the name-day and the day of baptizing. The range of sources was formed and two ways for research were settled: studying of orders how name and baptism day should be chosen and studying of the real practice. After the Revolution the research was cancelled. Its revival happened in the second half of the 20th century in papers on philology and history. There were no new topics, but deeper investigation of settled ones. The investigation of these questions differs: choice of name is considered deeper than baptism. Most of the scholars suppose day of birth and name-day to be close and calendar to be an important factor of name choice. The idea was put forward to a widespread custom of two calendar names, official and secret, one of which strictly depended on calendar. Baptism is generally supposed to be performed on the 40th day, but it was not so obligatory. Generally there was no aim of studying connection between all three days. Further research is welcomed, cause some aspects are still disputable. Comprehensive study of all calendar aspects of name choice and baptism is needed and more consistent division of desirable order and real practice as well. Lastly, deeper investigation of found source types is desirable.

Medieval Rus’, temporal culture, secondary sources, baptism, choice of the baptism day, baptism day, choice of the name, calendar name, name-day, calendar,

1. Almazov A. I. Istoriia chinoposledovanii kreshcheniia i miropomazaniia (Order of baptism and anointing service history). Kazan', 1884.
2. Almazov A. I. Soobshcheniia zapadnykh inostrantsev XVI-XVII vv. o sovershenii tainstv v russkoi tserkvi. (Tserkovno-arkheologicheskii ocherk) (XVI-XVIIth century western foreigners’ information about performing sacraments in Russian church (Church-archaeological essay)). Kazan', 1900.
3. Betin L. V. Istoricheskie osnovy drevnerusskogo vysokogo ikonostasa (Historical basis of Oldrussian high iconostasis). Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo. Khudozhestvennaia kul'tura Moskvy i prilezhashchikh k nei kniazhestv. XIV–XVI vv. (Oldussian art. Artistic culture of Moscow and adjacent princedoms. The XIV-XVIth centuries), Moscow, 1970, pp. 57-72.
4. Borisov N. S. Politika moskovskikh kniazei (konets XIII – pervaia polovina XIV v.) (Moscow princes policy (the end of the XIIIth century – the first half of the XIVth century)). Moscow, 1999.
5. Buseva-Davydova I. L. Bogomater' Sedmiezernaia. K voprosu o slozhenii ikonograficheskogo tipa (Icon of the Virgin and Child Sedmiezernaia. On creation of iconographic type). Chudotvornaia ikona v Vizantii i Drevnei Rusi (Miracle-working icons in Byzantium and Old Rus’), Moscow, 1996, pp. 363-384.
6. Golubinskii E. E. Istoriia Russkoi tserkvi (History of Russian church). Vol. 1. Part 2. Moscow, 1997. Vol. 2. Part 2. Moscow, 1998.
7. Dmitrievskii A. A. Bogosluzhenie v russkoi tserkvi v XVI veke (Russian church divine service in the XVIth century). Part I. Kazan', 1884.
8. Zabelin I. E. Domashnii byt russkikh tsarei v XVI i XVII stoletiiakh (Home life of Russian tsars in the XVI-XVIIth centuries). Moscow, 2000.
9. Kloss B. M. Izbrannye trudy. Vol. I. Zhitie Sergiia Radonezhskogo (Selected works. Vol. I. Life of Sergius of Radonezh). Moscow, 1998.
10. Kloss B. M. O date rozhdeniia prepodobnogo Sergiia Radonezhskogo (About the date of venerable Sergius’s of Radonezh birth). Prepodobnyi Sergii Radonezhskii: istoriia i agiografiia, ikonopisnyi obraz i monastyrskie traditsii (Venerable Sergius of Radonezh: history and agiography, icon and monastic traditions), Moscow, 2015, pp. 14-18.
11. Kostomarov N. I. Russkie nravy (Russian customs). Moscow, 1995.
12. Kuchkin V. A. 1986. O date rozhdeniia Aleksandra Nevskogo (About the date of Alexander Nevski birth) . Voprosy istorii (Questions of History), no. 2, pp. 174-176.
13. Levin I. Rozhdenie rebenka v dopetrovskoi Rossii: tserkovnoe pravo i narodnye traditsii (Childbirth in Medieval Russia: canon law and popular tradition). Levin I. Dvoeverie i narodnaia religiia v istorii Rossii (Dvoeverie and Popular Religion in Russian history). Moscow, 2004, pp. 62-83.
14. Leont'ev A. K. Nravy i obychai (Customs and traditions). Ocherki russkoi kul'tury XVI veka (Studies on Russian culture of the XVIth century), Moscow, 1977, Vol. 2, pp. 33-75.
15. Litvina A. F., Uspenskii F. B. Vybor imeni u russkikh kniazei v XI – XVI vv. Dinasticheskaia istoriia skvoz' prizmu antroponimiki (Choising names for Russian princes in XI-XVI centuries. Dynastic history through antroponimic). Moscow, 2006.
16. Loseva O. V. Mesiatseslov i imenoslov v Drevnei Rusi (Menology and names in Old Rus’). Rumiantsevskie chteniia. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii po itogam nauchno-issledovatel'skoi raboty Rossiiskoi gosudarstvennoi biblioteki (25-27 aprelia 1995 g.) (Rumiantsevskie chtenia. Parers of academic and research conference summing up researching in Russian State Library (25-27 April 1995)), Moscow, 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 63, 63-71.
17. Loseva O. V. Patronal'nye sviatye russkikh kniazei (letopisi, mesiatseslovy, sfragistika) (Russian princes’ Saint patrons (chronicles, menologions, sigillography). Vostochnaia Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekov'e. Genealogiia kak forma istoricheskoi pamiati. XIII Chteniia pamiati chlena-korr. AN SSSR V.T. Pashuto (Eastern Europe in Ancient Time and Middle Ages. Conference after corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences V.T. Pashuto), Moscow, 2001, pp. 126-133.
18. Mazurov A. B. 2012. Deti Dmitriia Donskogo (Dmitry’s of the Don children). Rossiiskaia istoriia (Russian history), no. 4, pp. 94-107.
19. Makarii (Bulgakov), metropolitan. Istoriia Russkoi Tserkvi (Russian Church history). Moscow, 1995. Part II. Vol. 1; Part III. Vol. 4.
20. Odintsov N. M. Poriadok obshchestvennogo i chastnogo bogosluzheniia v drevnei Rossii do XVI veka. Tserkovno-istoricheskoe issledovanie (Order of common and private divine service in Old Rus’ up to the XVIth century (Paper in Church history)). Saint Petersburg, 1881.
21. Rabinovich M. G. Ocherki etnografii russkogo feodal'nogo goroda. Gorozhane, ikh obshchestvennyi i domashnii byt (Essays on Russian feodal town antropology. Townspeople and their public and home life). Moscow, 1978.
22. Rakitina M. G. Obriady rozhdeniia i kreshcheniia tsarskikh detei v Rossii XVI-XVII vv. (Tsar’s children birth and baptism rites in XVI-XVIIth century Russia). Issledovaniia po istochnikovedeniiu istorii Rossii (do 1917 g.) (Studies in Russian history source researching (up to 1917)), Moscow, 2009, p. 46-70.
23. Serebriakova K. 1995. Obriad kreshcheniia i domashnii obikhod mladentsa (Baptism rite and day-to-day baby existence). Iunyi khudozhnik (Young artist), no. 8, pp. 16-19.
24. Superanskaia A. V. 1991. Imena i raskol (Peresmotr russkikh imen v XVII veke) (Names and Raskol (Russian names revision in the XVIIth century)). Nauka i zhizn' (Science and life), no. 1, p. 148-154.
25. Superanskaia A. V. Imia – cherez veka i strany (Name – through centuries and countries). Moscow, 1990.
26. Suslova A. V., Superanskaia A. V. O russkikh imenakh (About Russian names). 3rd edition. Leningrad, 1991.
27. Tereshchenko A. V. Byt russkogo naroda (Customs of the Russians). Moscow, 1999, Vol. II–III.
28. Tupikov N. M. Istoricheskii ocherk upotrebleniia drevnerusskikh lichnykh sobstvennykh imen (Study in oldrussian personal names using). Tupikov N. M. Slovar' drevnerusskikh lichnykh sobstvennykh imen (Vocabulary of oldrussian personal names), Moscow, 2004, pp. 1-28.
29. Ugriumov A. L. Russkie imena (Russian names). 2nd edition. Vologda, 1970.
30. Uspenskii B. A. Mena imen v Rossii v istoricheskoi i semioticheskoi perspektive (Changing name in Russia: semiotic aspect). Uspenskii B. A. Izbrannye trudy (v 2 tt.) (Selected papers (in two volumes). Moscow, 1996, Vol. 2, pp. 187-202.
31. Uspenskii L. V. Ty i tvoe imia (You and your name). Volgograd, 1994.

Goryushkina Lyudmila

The paper is devoted to analyzes the initial dates of military campaigns of the Moscow State in Ugra. The emergence and development of "Muscovy" marked a new milestone in the process of the Russian colonization of remote areas of the Urals and Western Siberia, and the religious consciousness of people in the period under review could not ignore the fundamental events of the history of the state. Mean while, in the research the emphasis is puton insufficient elaboration of this theme. The author criticizes the sources used and justifies the use of the set of documents of his own choice. When analyzing the chronicles it appears that two of the three campaigns in Ugra are clearly dated by chroniclers and begin on the day of St. Nicholas, at the same time in one case the author supposes the dating tendentiousness associated with the sacralization of the image of the saint. The article presents objective arguments to explain the choice of the spring season to commit military action in Ugra. During the study, the author makes an assumption about the possible borrowing of the chronicle tradition of coinciding of the starting dates of Russian military campaigns with the day of St. Nicholas from the Novgorod Republic. Particular attention is paid to the subsequent development of the cult of St. Nicholas in the literary tradition of the XVI century, through which the author reveals the importance of the image of the saint, who is not only a holy healer, but also a mediator between God and people for the military campaigns participants. At the same time the author takes into account a special situation in the reign of Ivan the Terrible in connection with the implementation of the policy of the "Third Rome".

The Moscow State, Ugra, hiking, Holy Nicolai, intercession, chronicle, logistics, Western Siberia, Ob, the route, tradition.

1. Anisimova Е.Е. Obraz svjatitelja Nikolaja Chudotvorca v zhitijnom i iskusstvovedcheskom diskursah (k problemе vzaimodejstvija verbal'nogo i neverbal'nogo) (The image of St. Nicholas in the hagiographic and artistic discourses (to the problem of interaction between verbal and nonverbal)).Vestnik MGU (Herald MGU. Vol. 18 (704)),Moscow, 2014,pp.11-23
2. Buganov V.I. Razrjadnaja kniga 1475-1498 gg.(The discharge book 1475-1498.) Moscow: "Science" 1966.
3. Buganov V.I. Otechestvennaja istoriografija russkogo letopisanija (obzor sovetskoj literatury) (Domestic historiography of Russian chronicles (review of Soviet literature)). Moscow: Nauka, 1975
4. Vychegda-Vymsky (Misa-Evtihievskaya) Chronicle // Source: http://Kominarod.ru./cataloques/biblio/papers_267.html (16. 10. 2015)
5. Grachev A.Ju. «Zapovednye leta»: vremennye ogranichenija voennyh dejstvij v Drevnej Rusi("Forbidden years": time limit warfare in ancient Russia)//Zhurnal "Nauchnoemnenie" (Istoricheskie, sociologicheskie i jekonomicheskie nauki)(Magazine "scientific opinion" (historical, sociological, and economic sciences)).Spb, 2015 № 2. – p. 87-90
6. Zhilina T.N. Malyj lednikovyj period kak odno iz kolebanij klimata v golocenei ego posledstvija v ZapadnojSibiri(Little Ice Age as one of the climate variability in the Holocene and its consequences in Western Siberia)//Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Geologija(Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. Series: Geology). Tomsk, 2010.№ 340.- p. 206-211.
7. Kirpichnikov A.N. Drevnerusskoe oruzhie. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. Vypusk tretij: dospeh, kompleks boevyh sredstv IX-XIII vv. (Ancient weapons. Body of archaeological sources. Issue Three: armor, combat weapons complex IX-XIII centuries). Len .: "Science", 1971
8. Kljukin P.V. A chto nam skazhet nachal'nik transportnogo ceha? K voprosu o snabzhenii vojsk v novgorodskoj kampanii 1471 goda. (Otzyv na raboty Penskogo V.V. ««…I zapas pasli na vsju zimu do vesny»: logistika v vojnah Russkogo gosudarstva jepohi pozdnego Srednevekov'ja – rannego Novogovremeni» i Nesina M.A. «Iz istorii logistiki russkih vojsk v XV-nachale XVI v.»)( And what do we tell the chief of the transport department? On the question of the supply of troops in the Novgorod campaign in 1471. (Reviewed on work Pensky V.V. "" ... And the stock graze on throughout the winter until spring ": the logistics of the Russian state in the wars of the late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times" and Nesin M.A. "From the history of Russian troops in logistics XV- the beginning of the XVI century ")) // Istorija voennogo dela: issledovanija i istochniki.( The history of military affairs:. studies and sources) T. VIII. 2016. // Source: http://www.milhist.info/2016/07/01/klykin(01.07.2016).
9. Laushkin A.V. «Vidja b#du strash'nu i groznu»: eshhe raz o dnjah ot#ezda russkih knjazej v Ordu(Seeing bdustrashnu and Terrible": once again the days of the departure of the Russian princes in the Horde)//Istoricheskij vestnik. Mongol'skie zavoevanijai Rus'.(Historicalbulletin. Mongol conquest and Russia.) T. X (157). Edited by AA Gorsky.M., 2014. - p.110-127.
10. Jacques Le Goff Civilizacija srednevekovogo Zapada (civilization of the medieval West). Trans. with fr. / Tot.Ed. JL Immortal.M .: Publishing Group Progress, Progress Academy 1992
11. Lurie Y. S.Obshherusskie letopisi XIV-XV vv.(Аll-Russian Chronicles of the XIV-XV centuries). Leningrad: Nauka, 1976.
12. Maslyuzhenko D.N., Ryabinin E.A. Pohod 1483 g. i ego mesto v istori irussko-sibirskih otnoshenij(Hike in 1483, and his place in the history of Russian-Siberian relations) // Vestnik arheologii, antropologi i ijetnografii (Journal of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography). Tyumen 2010 №1 (24). - p. 115-123
13. Мenshikov V. V., Pertsev N. V. O lokalizacii letopisnoj Jugry(localization of the chronicle of the Ugra).Sibirskij sbornik: sbornik statej. (Siberian collection: collection of articles. Vol. 3 / ed. edited by D. N. Maslienko, Z. A. Tychinski), Kurgan: Publishing house of Kurgan state University press, 2015, p.61-71
14. Miller G. F. Istorija Sibiri. Izdanie vtoroe, dopolnennoe (History Of Siberia. Second edition, supplemented). Vol. I. Moscow: "Eastern literature", 1999
15. Mel'nik A.G. Istorija pochitanija rostovskih svjatyh v XII-XVII vv. (History of honoring the saints of Rostov in the XII-XVII centuries) // Dissertacija na soiskanieuchenoj stepeni kandidata istoricheskih nauk (Thesis for a scientific degree of candidate of historical sciences). Yaroslavl, 2003.6
16. Mikhailov I. B. «Kazanskoe vzjatie» i jeshatologicheskie predstavlenija IvanaGroznogo("Kazan taking"and the eschatological representations of Ivan the terrible), Trudy istoricheskogo fakul'teta Sankt-Peterburskogo universiteta. (Proceedings of the historical faculty of the St. Petersburg University.Vol. 12.),St. Petersburg, 2013. - p. 206-218
17. Penskoj V.V. Srazhenie pri Sudbishhah 3-4 ijunja 1555 g. – jepizod russko-krymskogo protivostojanija (Battle of Sudbischah 3-4 June 1555, an episode of the Crimean-Russian confrontation)//Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Istorija. Politologija (Scientific statements Belgorod State University. Series: History. Political science).Belgorod, 2009 № 7 (62). - p. 87-95
18. Penskoj V.V. «…I zapas pasli na vsj uzimu do vesny»: logistika v vojnah Russkogo gosudarstva jepohi pozdnego Srednevekov'ja – rannego Novogo vremeni ("... And the stock graze on throughout the winter until spring": the logistics of the Russian state in the wars of the late Middle Ages - Early Modern Times)// Istorija voennogo dela: issledovanija i istochniki.( The history of military science: research and sources) T. VIII. 2016 // Source: http://www.milhist.info/2016/03/31/penskoy_8 (31.03.2016)
19. Perevalova E.V. Shert', «medvezh'ja prisjaga» i pljaska s sabljami(Chert, "Bear oath" and dance with swords)// Ural'skij istoricheskij vestnik(Ural historical vestnik). Ekaterinburg, 2013 № 4 (41). - p. 120-131
20. Pliguzov A.I. Tekst-Kentavr o sibirskikh Samoyeds(Text centaur of the Siberian Samoyed). M.,1993
21. S. U. Remezov and sons. Utility drawing book: manuscript of the late XVII early XVIII century. Hermitage collection number 237 of the National Library.Tobolsk: "Revival of Tobolsk" Public Charitable Foundation, 2006
22. Trajectories projects at high latitudes / Ed. Y. Neyolova, A.V.Arteea, V.A.Lamin, SE Alekseeva, V.Y.Malova. Novosibirsk: "Science", 2011
23. Usachev A. S. Stepennaja kniga kak pamjatnik obshhestvennoj mysli serediny XVI v. v svete mezhdisciplinarnogo issledovanija(The book of Degrees as a monument to social thought in the middle of the XVI century in the light of interdisciplinary studies), Drevnjaja Rus'. Voprosy medievistiki.(Ancient Rus. Automation and remote control)Moscow, 2003.№ 4 (14)), pp. 73-74
24. Usachev A.S. Drevnerusskaja knizhnost' jepohi mitropolita Makarija: Kniga stepennaja carsko gorodoslovija. (Old Russian book culture era Metropolitan Macarius: The book is a power of the king's lineage). Avtoreferat dissertacii na soiskanieuchenoj stepeni doktora istoricheskih nauk.(Abstract of dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences). Moscow, 2010
25. Horoshkevich A.L. O nekotoryh istochnikah Ustjuzhskogo letopisnogo svoda(Some sources Ustiug Chronicle). Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo.Hudozhestvennye pamjatniki russkogo severa.(Ancient art. Artistic monuments of the Russian north), Moscow: "Science", 1989, p. 357-368
26. Khrustalev D. G. Studies on Ephraim of Pereyaslavl.St. Petersburg, 2002
27. Tsarevskaya T.Y. Celitel'nyj aspect pochitanija sv. Nikolaja Chudotvorca i ego projavlenie v novgorodskom iskusstve XIII v.(The Healing aspect of the veneration of St. Nicholas and its manifestation in the art of Novgorod in the XII).Vestnik PSTGU. Serija V. Voprosy istorii i teoriihristianskogo iskusstva.(Herald PSTGU. Series V. Questions of History and Theory of Christian art.Vol. 14)).Moscow, 2011,p. 26-41
28. Cyb S.V. Drevnerusskoe vremjaischislenie v «Povesti vremennyh let».(Ancient vremyaischislenie in "The Tale of Bygone Years"). Barnaul: Publishing House of Altai University Press, 1995.

Pertsev Nikita

In the present article educational preferences of the Russian nobility, especially generals, in the second half of XVIII first quarter of XIX century are analysed. The author comes to the conclusion that the interest in Western education grew among the Russian gentry, including ordinary gentry. However, the high cost and lack of direct advantages for the service, unlike in the case of cadet corps, made foreign studies less attractive for the service nobility, while the opportunity to receive education in cadet corps was stably popular. The children of the ordinary gentry were much more likely to receive education in Russian educational institutions, primarily in the Land noble corps, than abroad. For the elite children on the contrary the European education was on the first place, and among Russian institutions, the Corps of Pages and artillery institutions were preferred. Peter the Great forced the nobility to acquire knowledge, considering training as a public service, and during the period of palace revolutions there was a kind of "relaxation" of the noble class, which received the opportunity not to serve and didn’t want to develop itself in state educational institutions, but prefered home education. The age of Enlightenment made the European culture and study abroad popular, but not all, even the nobles, were able to afford it. Nevertheless, the number of people who received higher education abroad or in Russia, were growing gradually. This way the cultural and spiritual reproduction of the upper stratum of society took place

education, elite, general officers, nobility, career advancement, social status, cadet corps

1. Fedyukin I., Gabdrakhmanov S. 2016. Cultural capital in an early modern elite school: The Noble Cadet Corps in St Petersburg, 1732–1762. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 485–516.
2. Kusber, Jan. 2012. Kakie znanija nuzhny dvorjaninu dlja zhizni? [What kind of education is necessary for a nobleman]. Dvorjanstvo, vlast' i obshhestvo v provincial'noj Rossii XVIII veka (Nobility, power and society in provincial Russia of the 18th century), Moscow, 2007, pp. 269–291.
3. Shilov D. N. Gosudarstvennye dejateli Rossijskoj imperii. Glavy vysshih i central'nyh uchrezhdenij. 1802–1917. Biobibliograficheskij spravochnik (Statesmen of the Russian Empire: Heads of higher and central institutions. 1802–1917. Biobibliographical reference book). St. Petersburg, 2002.
4. Shilov D. N., Kuz'min Ju. A. Chleny Gosudarstvennogo soveta Rossijskoj imperii, 1801–1906: Biobibliograficheskij spravochnik (Members of State Council of Russian Empire, 1801–1906: Biobibliographical reference book). St. Petersburg, 2007.

Feofanov Aleksandr

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article is written in 2017 within the framework of the project "Education as a social Elevator in Russia XVIII century: intergenerational social mobility of students of the Academy of Sciences" supported by RFBR Foundation

Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov is a scholar and enlightener. History of the study of creative heritage. The article is devoted to the analysis of the historiographical tradition of studying the creative heritage of Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov. The author sets before herself the task to examine the key works that shaped the image of Metropolitan Eugene as a scholar and an enlightener. Formed by the efforts of several generations of the researchers of the XIX-XX centuries, historiographical tradition assigns to Eugene Bolkhovitinov the role of a collector and a bibliographer, who became a metropolitan by the will of circumstances. Such distinction and opposing the Eugene’s church activity to his secular one does not give the opportunity to compose his integral image. This problem can be overcome due to the consideration to the personality and activities of Eugene Bolkhovitinov in the broader intellectual and cultural context of the Russian Enlightenment at the end of the XVIII-th and the first third of the 19-th century. The pre-revolutionary authors considered Eugene's educational activity exclusively as a scientific and educational one. The Soviet historians made a significant contribution to the differentiation of the concepts "The Enlightenment" and "The Russian enlightenment " and the study of enlightening ideology. At the beginning of the XXI century the question of Russian religious enlightenment was raised, the role of the church intellectuals in the Combining the of church doctrine and European ideas was examined. The educated Russian society was offered an Orthodox interpretation of the ideas of equality, moral improvement, social progress. The enlightening activity of Metropolitan Eugene Bolkhovitinov, who exemplified the inextricable link between ecclesiastical and secular scientific ministry, is still awaiting its study.

historiography, historical scholarship, study of local lore, education, reform of theological schools, scholarly monasticism, Russian religious Enlightenment

1. Sarbei V. G., ed., Bolkhovitinov (1767–1837). Zhizn’ i tvorchestvo. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’, Voronezh, 1998.
2. Esiukov A. I., “Russkaia propoved’ XVIII v. kak istochnik znanii o tsennostnykh orientatsiiakh russkogo cheloveka «dukhovnogo china»”, in: Vestnik RUDN, Seriia: Istoriia Rossii, 1, 2010, 18–41.
3. Kozlov V. P., Kolumby rossiiskikh drevnostei, Moscow, 1981.
4. Krasnobaev B. I., Istoriia russkoi kul’tury vtoroi poloviny XVII – nachala XIX v., Moscow, 1983.
5. Leshchilovskaia I. I. “Kul’tura Prosveshcheniia v Tsentral’noi i Iugo-Vostochnoi Evrope”, in: Voprosy istorii, 1, 1985, 69–82.
6. Moriakov V. I., Russkoe prosvetitel’stvo vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka, Moscow, 1994.
7. Perevezentsev S. V., “Rossiiskie Vol’tery: prosvetitel’stvo XVIII v. i natsional’naia ideia”, available at: http://www.portalslovo.ru/history/35121.php?ELEMENT_ID=35121 (30.12.2016).
8. Peshtich S. L., Russkaia istoriografi ia XVIII v., Leningrad, I–III, 1961, 1965, 1971.
9. Georgii Florovskii, prot., Puti russkogo bogosloviia, Moscow, 2009.
10. Shmidt S. O., “E. A. Bolkhovitinov i stanovlenie nauki rossiiskoi istorii”, in: Iz istorii Voronezhskogo kraia, Voronezh, 9, 2001, 4–15.
11. Solntsev N. I., “Ponimanie istorii v bogoslovskoi istoriografi cheskoi traditsii XVIII v. Po istoricheskim sochineniiam mitropolitov Evgeniia (Bolkhovitinova) i Platona (Levshina)”, in: Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo, Seriia: Istoriia, 1/3, 2004, 145–152.
12. Solonin I. N., “Dukhovenstvo v russkom Prosveshchenii”, in: Veche. Zhurnal russkoi filosofii i kul’tury, 18, 2007, 46–129.
13. Strakhova Ia. A., “Mitropolit Amvrosii (Podobedov) i mitropolit Evgenii (Bolkhovitinov): reforma dukhovnykh uchilishch”, in: Mitropolit Sankt–Peterburgskii i Novgorodskii Amvrosii (Podobedov) 1742–1818. Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii v Velikom Novgorode. 13 sentiabria 2008 g., Moscow, 2010, 118–127.
14. Tsapina O. A., “Pravoslavnoe prosveshchenie — oksiumoron ili istoricheskaia real’nost’?”, in: Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie tsivilizatsiia Rossii, Moscow, 2004, 301–313.
15. Wirtschafter E. K., “Religion and enlightenment in Catherine’s Russia: the tea chings of Metropolitan Platon”, in: GHIM: Reports on the history of the XVIII and XIX centuries, available at: http://www.perspectivia.net/publikationen/vortraege-moskau/wirtschafter_religion (30.12.2016).

Klochkova Marina

historical demography, social mobility, migration, urban and regional history, Russian poll-tax registers (revisions), 19-century Russian history, imperial Russia

historical demography, social mobility, migration, urban and regional history, Russian poll-tax registers, 19-century Russian history, imperial Russia

1. Akol’zina M. K., Izmenenie sotsial’noi struktury naseleniia srednego russkogo uezdnogo goroda v pervoi polovine XIX veka (po materialam Morshanska Tambovskoi gubernii), Tambov, 2010.
2. Aksenov A. I., Genealogia moskovskogo kupechestva ХVIII v.: iz istorii formirovaniia russkoi burzhuazii, Moscow, 1988.
3. Aksenov A. I., Ocherki genealogii uezdnogo kupechestva ХVIII v., Moscow, 1993.
4. Goncharov Yu. M., Gorodskaya sem’ia vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX v., Barnaul, 2002.
5. Goncharov Yu. M., Kupecheskaya sem’ia vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX v., Moscow, 1999.
6. Ivonin A. R., Zapadnosibirskii gorod poslednei chetverti XVIII – 60-kh godov XIX v., Barnaul, 2000.
7. Kozlova N. V., “Sem’ia i otnosheniia rodstva moskovskogo kupechestva XVIII veka”, in: Vestnik RGNF, 2002, 4, 14–26.
8. Skubnevskii V. A., Startsev A.V., Goncharov Yu. M., Kupechestvo Altaia XVIII – vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX v., Barnaul, 2001.
9. Ulianova G. N., “Migratsiia v Moskvu v kontse XVIII – nachale XIX veka po kupecheskim skazkam VI revizii 1811 goda”, in: Migratsii. Formirovanie Rossiiskogo gosudarstva, Moscow, 2015, 94–116.
10. Zakharov V. N., Zapadnoevropeiskie kuptsy v rossiiskoi torgovle XVIII veka, Мoscow, 2005.

Troitskaya Irina

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Ulyanova Galina

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

The article is written in 2017 within the framework of the project "The demographic history of the Moscow merchants at the revizsky fairy tales III–X revision (1762-1858): marriage and family, fertility and mortality rates, social and spatial mobility" supported by RFBR Foundation

This publication introduces the fi rst Russian translation of St. Crispina’s Passion. St. Crispina was beheaded in the Roman African city of Theveste on 5th December, 304, during the Great Persecution. The wide popularity of her cult in Roman Africa was attested by St. Augustine. St. Crispina was the last Christian martyr in Africa before the Donatist Schism and was venerated by both Donatists and Orthodox Christians. Various stages of the Passion’s “Donatisation” are represented in various manuscripts. Modern scholars are familiar with three manuscripts containing the Passion of St. Crispina. Two of them were published in the 17th century by Mabillon and Ruinart respectively. Both of these manuscripts perished later. The last manuscript was published in the 20th century by P. Franchi de Cavalieri and was later reprinted in H. Musurillo’s edition of Acta Martyrum. It is regarded as the most authentic MS. The original text of the Passion of St. Crispina was probably composed in the fi rst half of the 4th century. It has no features of the later hagiographic tradition such as the abundance of miracles, detailed description of tortures, etc. On the other hand, it is an elaborate text with its own ideas and style, and does not look like mere court proceedings. The Russian translation being published here is based on Franchi de Cavalieri’s and Musurillo’s edition. The discrepancies between this edition and those of Mabillon and Ruinart are mentioned in the footnotes.

St. Crispina, Acta martyrum, Great Persecution, Diocletian, North African Church, Donatist schism, martyrdom, Roman Africa, hagiography, Annulinus

1. Castelli G. 1975. Osservazioni sulla lingua della «Passio Sanctae Crispinae», Forma Futuri. Studi in onore del cardinale Michele Pellegrino. Torino, 587-594.
2. Dalvit M. 2013. Ecclesia martyrum. Analisi del corpus martirologico donatista [Tesi di dottorato]. Padova.
3. Franchi de' Cavalieri P. 1902. Osservazioni sopra gli Attidis. Crispina, Studi e Testi. 9, 24-35.
4. Franchi de' Cavalieri P. (ed.). 1902. Passio Crispinae, Studi e testi. 9, 32-35.
5. Hunink V. 2016. Worlds drifting apart. Notes on the Acta Martyrum Scillitanorum, Commentaria Classica. 3, 93-112.
6. Jones A. H. M., Martindale J. R., Morris J. 1971-1992. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge.
7. Mabillon J. (ed.) 1723. Passio Sanctae Crispinae, Vetera analecta. Paris, 177-178.
8. Monceaux P. 1901-1923. Histoire Littéraire de l’Afrique chrétienne depuis les origines jusq’à l’invasion arabe. Paris.
9. Morcelli S. A. 1816-1817. Africa Christiana. Brescia.
10. Musurillo H. 2000. Introduction, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford, xi-lxxiii.
11. Musurillo H. (ed.) 2000. Passio Sanctae Crispinae, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs. Oxford, 302-308.
12. Nakamura B. J. 2003. When Did Diocletian Die? New Evidence for an Old Problem, Classical Philology. Vol. 98, 283-289.
13. Panteleev A. D. 2013. Akty Maksimiliana: vstupitel'naia stat'ia, perevod i kommentarii, Religiia. Tserkov'. Obshchestvo. 2, 240-262.
14. Payne Ph. 2006. Wild Hair and Gender Equality in 1 Corinthians 11:2-16, Priscilla Papers. Vol. 20. No. 3, 9-16.
15. Romanelli P. 1959. Storia delle province romane dell’Africa. Roma.
16. Ruinart Th. (ed.) 1859. Passio Sanctae Crispinae, Acta primorum martyrum sincera et selecta. Regensburg, 476-479.
17. Saxer V. 1994. Afrique latine, Hagiographies. Histoire internationale de la littérature hagiographique latine et vernaculaire en Occident des origines à 1550. Turnhout. Vol. 1, 25-95.
18. Smyshliaev A. L. 1997. Civilis dominatio: Rimskii namestnik v provintsial'nom gorode, Vestnik drevnei istorii. 3, 24-35.
19. Tilley M. A. 1996. Donatist Martyr Stories. The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa. Liverpool.

Rosenblum Eugene

Publication of a syllabus for hagiology by Georgy Fedotov (1886–1951), a famous fi gure of the Russian Diaspora, historian and philosopher. It is well known that Georgy Fedotov gave the course on hagiology at the Theological Institute in Paris in the second half of the twenties to late thirties of the XXth cent., but its structure and content were not known. The publication of the syllabus allows to understand more clearly the composition and content of the course, which was a kind of «creative laboratory» of Fedotov, and related directly or indirectly to his monographies of «Paris period», such as «Saints of Medieval Russia» and «Spiritual Poetry». The publication is followed by the extensive commentaries. One of their tasks is a comparison the syllabus with the works of Gеоrgy Fedotov, where he concerns issues raised in the course.

Georgii Petrovich Fedotov, hagiography, hagiology, the archives of the Russian emigration, Church history

1. Delehaye H., “La personnalité historique de saint Paul de Thèbes”, in: Analecta Bollandiana, 44, 1926, 64–69.
2. Delehaye H., Sanctus. Essai sur le culte des saints dans l’antiquité, Bruxelles, 1927.
3. Fedotov G. P., “Agiologiya. H. Delehaye. Les passions des martyrs et les genres littéraires. Bruxelles, 1921”, in : Pravoslavnaya mysl’, 1, 1928, 223–225.
4. Fedotov G., “Pravoslavie i istoricheskaya kritika”, in: Put’, 33, 1932, 3–17.
5. Fedotov G. P., Svyatye Drevnei Rusi, Moscow, 1990.
6. Fedotov G. P., Sobranie sochinenii v 12-ti tomakh, Moskow, 1, 1996.
7. Fedotov G. P., Sobranie sochinenii v 12-ti tomach, Moskow, 10, 2001.
8. Fedotov G. P., Sobranie sochinenii v 12-ti tomakh, Moskow, 12, 2008.
9. Feodorit Kirskii, Istoriya bogolubtsev, Moskow, 1996.
10. Khosroev A. L., Pachomii Velikii: iz rannei istorii obshezhitel’nogo manashestva v Egipte, St. Peterburg; Kishinev; Paris, 2004.
11. Neosushestvlennyi zamysel G. P., “Fedotova (publikaciya N. A. Struve)”, in: Vestnik RKhD, 183, 2002, 80.
12. Voytenko A., Egipetskoe monashestvo v IV v.
13. Zhitie prep. Antoniya Velikogo, Lavsaik, Istoriya monakhov, Moscow, 2012.
14. Voytenko A., “Kurs po agiologii G. P. Fedotova v Bogoslovskom institute v Parizhe. Novye dannye”, in: Vestnik PSTGU, Filologiya, 4(49), 2016, 24–35.
15. Yanzen V. V., “Neizvestnye stranicy biografi i G. P. Fedotova v SShA”, in: Vestnik Russkoi christianskoi gumanitarnoi akademii, 15, 3, 2014, 79–93.

Voitenko Anton

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

Golubovich Inna

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

The authors express appreciation to Tatyana Chebotareva, the custodian of the Bakhmeteff Archive

This publication puts into the scientific use an unknown previously report of Frederic-Cesar La Harpe, a Swiss mentor at the court of Catherine II, who described in detail an educational content relative to the grand dukes Alexander and Kontantin in the year 1791. The original of this report, addressed to the “gouverneur-en-chef” of the Catherine’s grandchildren, count Nicolas Saltykov, was written in French and is published here translated into Russian with some commentaries to the historical names in this text. This report has a direct link to the series of the similar documents, which were already known by historians and dedicated to the education of the elder grandsons of Catherine II; thus this publication fills a lacuna in the existing row of revealed sources on this problem. The text of the report can make us follow the characteristic features of the education process held under the La Harpe’s guidance. It draws attention the main pedagogical system of La Harpe, his principles of teaching, as well as his observations on the characters of the grand dukes, their and abilities and competencies. It shows the central role played be La Harpe in the whole education of the grand dukes Alexander and Constantin, besides that, the significance of this even report for 1791 lies in the fact, that it was the last year when La Harpe had a possibility to teach according to his own plan and yet not prevented by the disadvantages, appearing from 1792, which arose due to the preparation to the marriage of the grand duke Alexander and the beginning of realization of Catherine’s idea to proclaim Alexander as a future successor of the Russian throne.

Russia, Switzerland, Enlightenment, teaching, education, La Harpe, Alexander I, Catherine II

Andreev Andrei

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

Mil'china Vera

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article is written in 2017 supported by RFBR Foundation