St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article is devoted to one of the main, but still insufficiently studied events of church history of the Moscow state in the beginning of the 16th century — to the Moscow Synod of the 1503. Тhe Synod was called for the strengthening of the canonic discipline in the Russian Church. However, the more important and sensitive issue, which was discussed at the council, was a problem of monastic land tenure. The discussion about the Church lands was inspired by the grand duke of Moscow Ivan III, aspiring to withdrawal of land possession of Church. Nevertheless, most of participants of the Synod has spoken out in defense of Church land tenure. The article attempts on the basis of the surviving sources to reconstruct a picture of synodal discussion on Church lands.

Russian Church, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Metropoly of Moscow, the Moscow Synod of 1503, Church land tenure, grand duke Ivan III, Metropolitan Simon, St Joseph of Volokolamsk, St. Neil of Sora

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8. Pravoslavnaia entsiklopediia. T. 10. Moscow, 2005.
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11. Sedel'nikov A. D. Ocherki katolicheskogo vliianiia v Novgorode v kon. XV — nach. XVI v., in Doklady AN SSSR. Ser. V. Leningrad, 1929. № 1. P. 16–19.

Petrushko Vladislav

The task of the article is to introduce of the new mass sources for the research of the Pskov church and clergy into the scientific circulation. The work is based on the Pskov confessional records of the 1727–1762, kept in State Archive of the Pskov Region (SAPR), for the first time raised in full amount for research. The general historiography on the subject as well as history of introduction of the confessional records into church usage are presented in the article. Results of systematization of the confessional records given have afforded to defi ne the cast of the functioning parishes in Pskov. As a whole it was identified 597 confessional records of 57 “Pskov Town” churches for the period of research. They contain the extensive knowledge on the personnel of Church clergy and the number of white clergy in Pskov during the first decades of the synod period in the Russian Orthodox Church history. On their basis it is possible to find out about the time and periods of clergy personnel’s service in every temple, about movements by the “ladder of ranks”, that shows life path of the clergy representatives in the years when there was no service records and clergy accounts, containing biography data. The remarkable feature of the confessional records is that they are the fi rst source to appear by time where with the highest degree of completeness the people “spiritual and their household” were taken into account. There are data given here about all members of the priesthood and clergy families and their age (including female part), that opens the wide opportunities for reconstruction of the clergy representatives’ genealogies and study of the spiritual estate as a whole. Refs 16 names.

confessional records, clergy, Church, Pskov, Priesthood and Clergy,State Archive of the Pskov Region (SAPR)

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2. Anisimov E. V. Vremia petrovskikh reform. Lenizdat, 1989.
3. Ditrikh I. I. Ispovednye rospisi i metricheskie knigi kak istochniki po istoricheskoi demografii g. Pskova, in Makar'evskie chteniia: Materialy tret'ei mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii (21–22 noiabria 2004 g.) / Otv. red. V. G. Babin. Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2004. URL: http://e-lib.gasu.ru/konf/mak/arhiv/2004-2/37.rtf (data obrashcheniia — 01. 07. 2014).
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6. Lebedeva M. M. Antroponimika Ostrovskogo uezda XVIII v. po ispovednym rospisiam i metricheskim knigam, in Pskov: Nauchno-prakticheskii, istoriko-kraevedcheskii zhurnal PGPU. Pskov, 2010. № 32. P. 163–167.
7. Makeenko L. N. Ispovednye rospisi kak istochnik po istorii dvorianstva i kupechestva, in Materialy tret'ikh pskovskikh arkhivnykh chtenii 17–18 noiabria 2008 goda. Pskov, 2009. P. 69–75.
8. Makeenko L. N. Sostav prikhozhan tserkvei g. Pskova XVIII — 1-i pol. XIX v., in Zemlia Pskovskaia, drevniaia i sovremennaia. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi 50-letiiu Drevlekhranilishcha muzeia i 120-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia A. A. Purysheva (24–25 noiabria 2008 g.). Pskov, 2009. P. 95–107.
9. Mironov B. N. Ispovednye vedomosti — istochnik o chislennosti i sotsial'noi strukture pravoslavnogo naseleniia Rossii XVIII — pervoi poloviny XIX v., in Vspomogatel'nye istoricheskie distsipliny. T. XX. Leningrad, 1989. P. 102–106.
10. Opisanie dokumentov i del, khraniashchikhsia v arkhive Sviateishego Pravitel'stvuiushchego Sinoda (ODDS). T. II: Pervaia chast'. Saint-Petersburg: Sinodal'naia tipografiia, 1879. P. 1169–1170.
11. Pavlov A. S. Kurs tserkovnogo prava. Saint-Petersburg: Lan', 2002.
12. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (PSZ). T. III, V, VI, X. Saint-Petersburg: Tipogr. II otdeleniia Sobstvennoi Ego Imperatorskogo Velichestva Kantseliarii, 1830.
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14. Sviridova S. L., Levin N. F. Obzor fondov GAPO, soderzhashchikh metricheskie knigi, ispovednye rospisi i klirovye vedomosti (s prilozheniem ikh spiskov po Porkhovskomu uezdu), in Materialy vos'mykh pskovskikh arkhivnykh chtenii 20–21 noiabria 2013 g. Pskov: Izdanie GAPO, 2014. P. 35–39.
15. Smirechanskii V. D., prot. Istoriia Pskovskoi eparkhii IX–XVIII vekov: Istoriko-statisticheskii sbornik svedenii. Pskov: Pskovskaia oblastnaia tipografiia, 2010.
16. Smirnov S. I. Drevnerusskii dukhovnik: Issledovanie po istorii tserkovnogo byta. S prilozheniem: Materialy dlia istorii drevnerusskoi pokaiannoi distsipliny. Moscow: Sinodal'naia tipografiia, 1913.

Postnikov Arsenii

The article is devoted to general tendencies and peculiarities of а special group of Russian clergy, located at the embassies in the countries of Western Europe. Formed in the Synodal period, this category of clergy was under a double jurisdiction. It obeyed both spiritual and secular authorities, represented by The Holy Synod and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Therefore, the status of the foreign clergy was infl uenced by many factors: religion, culture, politics, and diplomacy. The specifics of a particular region played important role. International relations of Russia and the country where service was held had influence on the foreign clergy. An Orthodox priest, as well as the diplomatic corps, was the representative of his country abroad; his duties often extended beyond Church life, and sometimes even acquired diplomatic skills. In addition, in all European countries, the position of the embassy priests was much different from the clergy in the country. Special attention in the article is paid to education, official and economic status, and other characteristics of the embassy clergy as a group. The evolution of this category took place during the 19th century. Church building was the main concern of the embassy clergy in the second half of the century, when Orthodox churches were built in different parts of Europe, to acquaint the West with Russian culture and Eastern branches of Christianity.

Synod, the embassy clergy, the foreign clergy, international relationand religion, church architecture

1. Kiprian (Kern), arkhim. Dorevoliutsionnoe russkoe dukhovenstvo za granitsei, in Pravoslavnaia mysl'. Parizh, 1957. Vol. XI.
2. Kitsenko N. «Vitriny samoderzhaviia»: russkaia tserkovnaia arkhitektura za granitsei // P. A. Zaionchkovskii: Sb. statei i vospominanii k stoletiiu istorika. Moscow, 2008.
3. Mezhkonfessional'nye kul'turnye i obshchestvennye sviazi Rossii s zarubezhnymi slavianami. Moscow, 2013.
4. Oderova M. Pravoslavnaia tserkov' pri posol'stve v Parizhe. Dis. … kand. ist. nauk. Moscow, 2009.
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7. Sarni M. Russkaia tserkov' v Londone: Ot Petra Velikogo do nashikh dnei. Leningrad; Moscow, 2013.
8. Smolich I. Istoriia russkoi tserkvi. 1700–1917 gg. Moscow, 1996. T. 1.

Gogorian Kristina

The article dwells, on the basis of archival materials for the first time in the national and foreign historiography, on the economic situation of Kishinev Eparchy within the Russian Orthodox Church in the period from Bessarabia’s accedence to the Russian Empire till early 20th century. An important indicator of the priests’material well-beingis sufficiency of their land estates and emoluments. In this context, the author focused on the size of land holdings of particular clergy parishes and the financial allowance of the clergy. The essay also pays attention to the revenues of particular clergy parishes from occasional services and sale of candles. The study revealed that most of the venues from candle trading could not be used by the members of clergy parishes for their needs, but were transferred to the general beudget of the eparchy. The clergy spent a signifi cant portion of their income on renting and upkeeping of housing. With regard for this circumstance, an attempt was made to determine the extent of suffi ciency of housing for this category of clergy. In the course of research, the author managed to fi nd the information on the number of Bessarabian priests’children in their care at the time the country has joined the Russian Empire, and on their level of education. These data are extremely important for comprehending the private life of the clergy and inancial standing of their families, as such information is found in the documentary materials of early 19th century extremely seldom, regardless of diocesan affi liation of priests.

church, eparchy, clergy parish, landestate, emoluments, the Russian Empire, Bessarabia

Morozan Vladimir

The article examines the deployment of anti-clerical terror during the October revolution, it reveals the most important factors, estimated numbers of victims, presented month by month from the end of October 1917 till spring 1918; comparative data from the First Russian revolution and the period after February 1917. Conclusion: the magnitude of the anti-clerical terror have been previously underestimated; it began during the October revolution, and even before the approval of the Soviet government momentum, close to a geometric progression; in winter of 1918 in some areas this terror began to acquire the character of mass repressions.

Orthodox Church, October Revolution, anti-clerical terror, repressions, “goneniya”, Bolsheviks, victims, statistics

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2. Emel'ianov S. N., Zorin A. V., Shpilev A. G. Kurskii krai v Grazhdanskoi voine 1917–1921 gg.: Ocherk voenno-politicheskoi istorii. Kursk, 2013.
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9. Krasnyi terror na Iuge Rossii. Moscow, 2013.
10. Leonov S. V. Antitserkovnyi terror v period Oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii skvoz' prizmu istoriografii, in Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. II. 2014. Vol. 2(57). P. 38–55.
11. Nechaev M. G. Tserkov' na Urale v period velikikh potriasenii: 1917–1922. Perm', 2004.
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Leonov Sergei

The article puts forward into scientific circulation a valuable source on the history of the parish life of the late 19th — early 20th century on the Don — the parish chronicle found in one of the investigations of the repressed clergy. This chronicle is unique high temporal coverage, from 1873 to 1929, it includes the years of revolution, Civil war on the Don and the first post-revolutionary decade. The author gives a brief overview of the history of the chronicle, the characteristics of its six authors — rural priests. The first thirty years were marked by the construction and decoration of the church and the absence of conflict. The early twentieth century was marked by the confl icts of the parishioners with the clergy. In the chronicle it was described the hardships of the lives of ordinary Cossacks, the scourge of Civil war, the famine of the early 1920s. In the postwar years there has been growing discontent of the parishioners by the activities of the Soviet government: tax policy, anti-religious propaganda and oppression of the clergy, beginning with collectivization. Narratives are rural priests, and it refl ects their own perception of the key events of the age. The author in the article examines the attitude of the parishioners to the Church, their perception of current events, participation in parish life. He concludes on a high degree of involvement of Cossacks in the Church life, the importance of the Church in their daily lives. The facts given in the article, suggest the sustainability of the parish farm, the community was able to survive in the turmoil of the Civil war. Forced destruction of parish life in the years of collectivization destroyed the community and has led to the degradation and disappearance of rural settlement. The last author of the chronicle was repressed, he and those arrested with him the clergy and parishioners were accused of preparing an armed uprising. The chronicle shows that this accusation was false.

Church chronicles, Don oblast, the Don Cossacks, the Civil war in Russia, parish community, collectivization, repressions against the clergy, “Renovationism”

1. Ageeva E. A. Tserkovnaia zhizn' i povsednevnyi byt russkogo sela po prikhodskim letopisiam KhIKh — nachala KhKh vekaб in Istoricheskii vestnik. Moscow; Voronezh, 2000. T. 3. P. 127–136.
2. Ageeva E. A. Tserkovnye letopisi — vazhneishii istochnik dlia izucheniia prikhodskoi zhizni vtor. pol. KhIKh — nach. XX v., in Istoricheskii vestnik. 2001. T. 15. № 4. P. 155–169.
3. Ageeva E. A. Tserkovnoprikhodskie letopisi vtor. pol. KhIKh — nach. KhKh v.: voprosy izucheniia, in Sovremennye problemy izucheniia istorii Tserkvi: Mezhdunarodnaia nauchnaia konferentsiia: Tezisy dokladov. Istoricheskii fakul'tet MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova. Moscow, 2011. P. 3–5.
4. Glukhikh N. V., Mironova A. A. Tserkovnye letopisi XIX veka kak khronika zhizni ural'skogo goroda, in Russkaia rech'. 2008. № 1. P. 74–78.
5. Dobren'kii S. I. Tserkovno-prikhodskie letopisi vtoroi poloviny XIX — nachala KhKh veka kak istochnik po istorii severnoi derevni, in Russkaia kul'tura na rubezhe vekov: russkoe poselenie kak sotsiokul'turnyi fenomen: Sb. statei. Vologda, 2002.
6. Riabov S. I. Ust'-Medveditskii okrug Oblasti Voiska Donskogo (1870–1916 gg.): Istoriko-statisticheskoe opisanie poselenii. Volgograd, 2012.
7. Sinel'nikov S. P. Smutnoe vremia 1913–1920 gg. glazami sviashchennika, in Volga. № 413. 2000.
8. Friz G. L. Pravoslavie, vlast' i sekuliarizatsiia v Rossii. 1860–1940, in GIIM: Doklady po istorii 18 i 19 vv. DHI Moskau: Vortrage zum 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, Nr. 19 (2013). URL: http://www.perspectivia.net.

Ageev Evgenii, priest

Published secret dispatches to the GPU one of the leaders of the renovationist schism in the Ukraine, a member of the «Higher Church Administration» B. T. Dikarev on preparing and holding in Kiev in February 1923 «All-Ukrainian Renovationist Congress», and also about the beginning of activities of «All-Ukrainian Higher Church Administration». Documents show state of-the renovationist schism, the degree of its dependence on the GPU, the methods of struggle of the dissenters with the Orthodox Church.

Renovationist schism, «The Living Church», «Higher Church Administration», «All-Ukrainian Higher Church Administration», Ukraine, GPU, informants, apostate

Mazyrin Aleksandr, priest