St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article investigates the differences in the feast day of a famous Egyptian hermit St. Onnophrius the Great (the 4th century). In Christian traditions a few dates of St. Onnophrius’ celebration are known, the most common ones are three: 10, 11 and 12 June after the Julian calendar. These dates, which are close to each other, cannot point out some diff erent and independent church traditions in veneration of the saint, more likely they conjecture an error or an intentional slight transference of his feast day in some Christian Churches. Date June 10 corresponds to Paone 16 after the Coptic calendar and it is a day of remembrance of St. Onnophrius in the Coptic Church. The reasons for this discrepancy have not been studied to the present day. The author through his analysis of unpublished manuscripts has established the origin of the date June 11, as well as he has suggested the causes of the rise of the date June 12. All other known days of St. Onnohprius’ commemoration (6, 8, 9, 13 and 17 June) can be considered like «marginal» ones and their origins require additional research based on other sources.

St. Onnophrius the Great, Church calendar, Byzantine hagiography, Coptic Church, Athos, Byzantine monasticism, Medieval religiosity.

1. Vojtenko A. A. 2015 “Grecheskie redakcii Zhitija sv. Onufrija Velikogo i arhiv o. Zhozefa Paramelja“ (Greek Redactions of Vita of St. Onufrius the Great and Archive of f. Joseph Paramel), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija II: Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi, 2015, vol. 4/65, pp. 37–49.
2. Vojtenko A. A. Egipetskoe monashestvo v IV v.: Zhitie prp. Antonija Velikogo, Lavsaik, Istorija monahov (Egyptian Monasticism in IV Cent.: Vita of St. Antonius the Great, Lausaic, History of Monks), Moscow, 2012.
3. Trubacheva M. S. (ed.) Ikona «Onufrij Velikij s Zhitiem v 14-ti klejmah»: pamjatnik russkoj severnoj zhivopisi Petrovskoj jepohi (Icon “Onufrius the Great with Vita in 14 Stamps”), Moscow, 2005.
4. Loseva O. V. Russkie mesjaceslovy XI–XIV vv. (Russian Calenders of XI–XIV Cent.), Moscow, 2001.
5. Marr N. Opisanie gruzinskih rukopisej Sinajskogo monastyrja (Description of Georgian Manuscripts of Sinai Monastery), Moscow, Leningrad, 1940.
6. Pentkovskij A. M. Tipikon patriarha Alekseja Studita v Vizantii i na Rusi (Typicon of Patriarch Alexios Studites in Byzantium and Russia), Moscow, 2001.
7. Petrovskij I. Otluchit' ili proslavit'. Chast' III: Mezhdu Nikoj i Hristom. Novyj front dlja kapellanov (To Excommunicate or to Glorify: Part 3. Between Nica and Christ. New Front for Chaplains), in http://www.bogoslov.ru/text/1557920.html (Date: 02.12.2015).
8. Pomjalovskij I. Zhitie prp. Afanasija Afonskogo (Vita of St. Athanasius of Athos), Saint-Petersburg, 1895.
9. Porfirij (Uspenskij), ep. Vostok Hristianskij. Afon. Istorija Afona (Christian East. Athos. History of Athos), Kiev, 1877, vol. 3: Afon monasheskij (Monastic Athos).
10. Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum graecorum ediderunt hagiographi Bollandini et Pius Franchi de’ Cavaleri eiusdem bibliothecae scriptor ad honores, Bruxellis, 1899.
11. Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum bibliothecae Regiae Bruxellensis ediderunt hagiographi Bollandini, Bruxellis, 1886–1889; Pars 1.
12. De Lacy O’Leary D. The Saints of Egypt, New York, 1937.
13. Dubois J. Le Martyrologe d’Usuard. Texte et commentaire, Bruxelles, 1965 (Subsidia hagiographica, vol. 40).
14. Dubois J., Renaud G. Le martyrologe d’Adon. Ses deux familles. Ses trois recensions. Texte et commentaire, Paris, 1984.
15. Garitte G. Le calendrier palestino-géorgien du Sinaiticus 34 (Xe siecle), Bruxelles, 1958 (Subsidia hagiographica, vol. 30).
16. Hannick Chr. Maximos Holobolos in der Kirchenslavischen homiletischen Literatur, Wien, 1981 (Wiener Byzantinische Studien, vol. 14).
17. Pоncelet A. Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum latinorum bibliothecarum Romanarum praeter quam Vaticanae, Bruxellis, 1909 [repr.: 1981; Subsidia hagiographica, vol. 9].
18. Poncelet A. Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum latinorum bibliothecae Vaticanae, Bruxellis, 1910 [repr.:1983; Subsidia hagiographica, vol. 11].
19. Quentin H. (dom). Les martyrologes historiques du Moyen Age: Études sur la Formation du Martyrologe Romain, Paris, 1908.
20. Sauget J.-M., Celetti M. Ch. 1967 “Onofrio”, in Bibliotheca Sanctorum, Roma, 1967, vol. 9, pp. 1188–1200.
21. Soons J. J. 1939 “La vie de saint Onuphre”, in Neophilologus, 1939, vol. 24, pp. 161–178.
22. Stieglecker R. Die Renaissance eines Heiligen. Sebastian Brant und Onuphrius eremita, Wiesbaden, 2001.

Voitenko Anton

The study considers what status in the religious writings of the Metropolitanate of Kiev and Russia of the 16–17th centuries had two old Christian creeds — the Apostles’ and the Athanasian. As main sources are examined printed editions of the Orthodox Brotherhood of Vilnius, catechisms by Lavrentij Zyzanij (1627) and by the Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev Peter Mohyla (1645), manuscript catechetical manual «Veniets Very» (1670) and two printed catechisms by Simeon Polotskiy. All authors that belonged to the so-called Kievan theological school accepted the Apostles’ Creed as an authentic one and used it as a basis for their presentation of Christian doctrine. A similar role the given creed played in the Catholic Church and in all Protestant denominations. The Moscow tradition, which presented by the manuscript heritage of Euthymeos of Chudov (Moscow State Historical Museum, the Synodal Collection) attributed the Apostles’ Creed as a heretic confession by Marcellus and denied its use in catechetical and liturgical practices. A completely different status got the confession attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria. The given creed was borrowed in the Moscow tradition through Kievan editions, was printed in Psalters (since 1647) and school primers (since Both in the religious writings of the Metropolitanate of Kiev and Russia the creed was used mainly for polemical purposes (initially in a controversy with Antitrinitarians later — with the Old Believers).

The Apostles’ Creed, the Athanasian Creed, religious writings of the Metropolitanate of Kiev and Russia of the 16th and 17th centuries.

1. 2001 “Afanasiev simvol very” (Creed of Athanasius), in Pravoslavnaja jenciklopedija, Moscow, 2001, vol. 3, pp. 696–697.
2. Viktorov A. E. 1863 “Opis' biblioteki ieromonaha Evfimija” (List of Library of Monk Priest Euphymius), in Letopisi russkoj literatury i drevnosti, izdavaemyja Nikolaem Tihonravovym, Moscow, 1863, vol. 5/3: Smes'.
3. Voznesenskij A. V. K istorii slavjanskoj pechatnoj Psaltiri. Moskovskaja tradicija XVI–XVII vekov. Prostaja Psaltir' (To History of Slavic Printed Psalter. Moscow Tradition of XVI–XVII Centuries. Simple Psalter), Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, 2010.
4. Grigor'ev A. B. 2011 “«Katehizis» mitropolita Arsenija Macievicha v rjadu rukopisnyh i pechatnyh katehizisov XVIII v.” (Catechism of Metropolitan Arsenij Macievich among Manuscript and Printed Catechisms of XVIII Cent.), in Filaretovskij al'manah, Moscow, 2011, vol. 7, pp. 163–213.
5. Dmitriev M. V. Mezhdu Rimom i Car'gradom. Genezis Brestskoj cerkovnoj unii 1595–1596 gg. (Between Rome and Constantinople. Genesis of Church Union 1595–1596), Moscow, 2003.
6. Zhurova L. I. 1997 “Poslanija Maksima Greka Nikolaju nemchinu protiv latinjan” (Letters of Maxim the Greek to Nikolaj the German against Latins), in Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri, 1997, vol. 2, pp. 69–76.
7. Ilarion (Alfeev). Hristos — Pobeditel' ada. Tema soshestvija vo ad v vostochnohristianskoj tradicii (Christ — Winner of Hell. Theme of Descend to Hwll in East Christian Tradition), Saint-Petersburg, 2001.
8. Karpov A. Azbukovniki ili alfavity inostrannyh rechej po spiskam Soloveckoj biblioteki (Azbukovniks or Alphabets of Foreign Speeches according to Lists of Solovki Library), Kazan', 1877.
9. Korzo M. A. Nravstvennoe bogoslovie Simeona Polockogo: osvoenie katolicheskoj tradicii moskovskimi knizhnikami vtoroj poloviny XVII v. (Moral Theology of Simeon Polockij: Mastering of Catholic Tradition by Moscow Scribers of Second Half of XVII Cent.), Moscow, 2011.
10. Korzo M. A. 2005 “O strukture i soderzhanii bukvarnyh katehizisov moskovskoj pechati XVII — nachala XVIII veka” (About Structure and Content of Alphabet Catechisms of Moscow Print of XVII — Begin of XVIII Centuries), in Slavjanovedenie, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 74–84.
11. Korzo M. A. Ukrainskaja i belorusskaja kateheticheskaja tradicija konca XVI–XVIII vv.: Stanovlenie, jevoljucija i problemy zaimstvovanij (Ukrainian and Byelorussian Catechism Tradition of End of XVI–XVIII Cent.: Formation, Evolution and Problems of Adoption), Moscow, 2007.
12. Nadson A. 1973 “Eueuski bukvar 1618 g.” (Hebrew Alphabet Book of 1618), in Bozhym shljaham, God XXI, 1973, vol. 1/135, pp. 3–9.
13. Galenchanka G. Ja. (ed.) Kniga Belarusi: 1517–1917. Zvodny katalog (Byelorussian Book: 1517–1917. General Catalogue), Minsk, 1986.
14. Opisanie rukopisej Soloveckogo monastyrja, nahodjashhihsja v biblioteke Kazanskoj Duhovnoj akademii (Description of Manuscripts of Solovki Monastery, that Are in Library of Kazanskaja Spiritual Academy), Kazan', 1881, vol. 1.
15. Evdokimov P. Pravoslavie (Orthodoxy), Moscow, 2002.
16. Sobolevskij A. I. Perevodnaja literatura Moskovskoj Rusi XIV–XVII vekov: Bibliograficheskie materialy (Translation Literatire of Moscow Rus’ in XIV–XVII Centuries: Bibliographical Materials), Saint-Petersburg, 1903.
17. Chernov V. V. 2001 “Apostol'skij simvol very” (Apostolic Creed), in Pravoslavnaja jenciklopedija, Moscow, 2001, vol. 3, pp. 124–125.
18. Chuba G. Ukrains'ki rukopisni uchitel'ni Evangelija. Doslidzhennja, katalog, opisi (Ukranian Manustript Teaching Gospels. Studies, Catalog, Lists), Kiïv, L'viv, 2011.
19. Jusim M. A. 1993 “Knigi iz biblioteki Simeona Polockogo — Sil'vestra Medvedeva” (Books from Library of Simeon Polockij — Silvester Medvedev), in TODRL, 1993, vol. 47, pp. 317–318.
20. Baumann K. Aberglaube für Laien. Zur Programmatik und Überlieferung spätmittelalterlicher Superstitionen-Kritik, Würzburg, 1989, vol. 2.
21. Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln der alten Kirche, Hildesheim, 1962.
22. Borkowska M. Królewskie modlitewniki. Studium z kultury religij nej epoki Jagiellonów (XV i początek XVI wieku), Lublin, 1999.
23. Bühler C. F. 1953 “The Apostles and the Creed”, in Speculum, 1953, vol. 28/2, pp. 335–339.
24. Hryniewicz W. 1979 ““Zstąpienie do piekieł” w tradycji wschodniej”, in Roczniki Teologiczno-Kanoniczne, 1979, vol. 26/3, pp. 41–52.
25. Lobwasser A. Der Psalter des Königlichen Propheten Davids, Hildesheim, 2004, vol. 1–2.
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27. Cross F. L. (ed.) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford, 1977.
28. Pylak B. 1973 “Apostolski skład wiary”, in Encyklopedia Katolicka, Lublin, 1973. vol. 1, pp. 818–819.
29. Słoński St. Psałterz Puławski, Warszawa, 1916.
30. Staats R. 1993 “Das Nizänum in der Lutherischen Reformation”, in Grane L. (ed.) Auctoritas Patrum. Zur Rezeption der Kirchenväter im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, Mainz, 1993, pp. 213–226.
31. Stammler W. 1960 “Mittelalterliche Prosa in Deutscher Sprache”, in Stammler W. Deutsche Philologie im Aufriss, Berlin, 1960, vol. 2, pp. 749–1102.
32. Starowieyski M. “Legenda o powstaniu Składu Apostolskiego“, in Symbol Apostolski w nauczaniu i sztuce Kościoła Katolickiego, pp. 51–62.
33. Caspari C. P. (ed.) Ungedruckte, unbeachtete und wenig beachtete Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel, Christiania, 1875, vol. 3.
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35. Wydra W., Rzepka W. R. Chrestomatia staropolska. Teksty do roku 1543, Wrocław, 1995.

Korzo Margarita

The article studies the practical implications of the homonymity of the term «student» introduced in «the Project of [the Provisions on the Establishment of the Academy of Sciences and Arts]» (1724). The article for the first time distinguishes two diff erent groups existing within the period of 1725–1732 in the Academy and referred to as «students» in documents: audience of the lectures at the Academic University and junior staff of the Academy of Sciences. From published and archival sources it is possible to reveal the main body of 50 (university) ‘students’, given the criteria by which within the period in question this group was distinguished. Аnalyzing the salary tables of the Academy within the period of 1724–1734, the staff structure of the Academy for 1730 and the project of the staff for 1731, it is possible to suggest that only 15 people had been called (research assistant) ‘students’ before 1729, when that practice was discontinued. Students appear in the staff of the Academy again in 1735, but in a changed status. Thus, it is clear that in the first years of the Academy the students (audience of professorial lectures) were more than the circle of the Academy junior staff (called ‘students’). However, part of the Academy staff raised their level of education at the University, auditioning the professor’s lectures, which corresponded with articles of the «Project...». Appendices to the article include: 1) list of the students having attended the university courses at the Academy of Sciences within the period of 1725–1732; 2) list of the employees of the Academy of Sciences called students while receiving their salaries within the period of 1724–1729.

The Academy of Sciences, university, education, Russia, the 18th century, students, adjuncts, history of concepts.

1. Andreev A. Ju. Rossijskie universitety XVIII — pervoj poloviny XIX veka v kontekste universitetskoj istorii Evropy (Russian Universities of XVIII — First Half of XIX Century in Context of University History of Europe), Moscow, 2009.
2. Kopelevich Ju. H. Osnovanie Peterburgskoj akademii nauk (Founding of Petersburg Academy of Sciences), Leningrad, 1977.
3. Kopelevich Ju. H. 1996 “Pervye akademicheskie studenty”, in VIET, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 4–15.
4. Kostina T. V. 2013 “Prostranstvo Akademicheskih gimnazii i universiteta: materialy k istorii. 1724-1805 gg.” (Space of Academic Gymnasium and University: Materials for History. 1824–1805), in KLIO, 2013, vol. 10/82, pp. 6–15.
5. Kuljabko E. S. M. V. Lomonosov i uchebnaja dejatel'nost' Peterburgskoj Akademii nauk (M. V. Lomonosov and Teaching Activity of Petersburg Academy of Sciences), Moscow, Leningrad, 1962.
6. Margolis Ju. D., Tishkin G. A. Otechestvu na pol'zu, a rossijanam vo slavu (For Benefit of Motherland, and for Glory of Russians), Leningrad, 1988.
7. Materialy dlja istorii Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk (Materials for History about Imperial Academy of Sciences), Saint-Petersburg, 1885–1900, vol. 1–10.
8. 1855 “Opravdanie Prezidenta Akademii, L. Bljumentrosta, pred Pravitel'stvujushhim Senatom v janvare 1733 goda” (Justifying of President of Academu, L. Blumentrost, by Ruling Senate in January 1733), in Uchenye zapiski IAN po pervomu i tret'emu otdelenijam, Saint-Petersburg, 1855. T. III. S. 672–688
9. Miller G. F. Izbrannye trudy (Selected Works), Moscow, 2006.
10. Osipov V. I. 1988 “Anahin (Anohin) Filipp L'vovich” (Anahin (Anohin) Filipp L'vovich), in Slovar' russkih pisatelej XVIII veka, Leningrad, 1988, vol. 1: A–I, pp. 29.
11. Pekarskij P. P. Istorija Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk v Peterburge (History of Imperial Academy of Sciences in Petersburg), Saint-Petersburg, 1870, vol. 1.
12. Protokoly zasedanij Konferencii Imp. Akademii nauk s 1725 po 1803 god (Protocols of Sessions of Conference of Imperial Academy of Sciences from 1725 till 1803), Saint-Petersburg, 1897, vol. 1.
13. Tolstoj D. A. Akademicheskij universitet v XVIII stoletii (Academic University in XVIII Century), Saint-Petersburg, 1885.
14. Uspenskij B. A. Vokrug Trediakovskogo: Trudy po istorii russkogo jazyka i russkoj kul'tury (Around Trediakovskij: Works on History of Russian Language and Russian Culture), Moscow, 2008.
15. Ustavy Rossijskoj Akademii nauk. 1724–2009 (Regulations of Russian Academy of Sciences. 1724–2009), Moscow, 2009.
16. Feofanov A. M. Studenty Moskovskogo universiteta vtoroj poloviny XVIII — pervoj chetverti XIX veka: Biobibliograficheskij slovar' (Students of Moscow University of Second Half of XVIII — First Quarter of XIX Century: Biobibliographical Dictionary), Moscow, 2013.

Kostina Tat'iana

The place of church and theology studies in the structure of the Imperial Moscow University (from its origins in 1755 up to 1917) is discussed in this article. The institutional development of the university chairs of theology and of the church history is shown: these chairs were provided by the all-Russian general University Statute 1804 and since then several times changed their faculty position and content. The portraits of the fi rst theology professors in Moscow University are given, the special attention is paid to the radical change of the teaching of these subjects after the introduction of the all-Russian general University Statute 1863, which was connected in Moscow University with a significant activity of archpriest Alexander Michailovich Ivantzov-Platonow, the professor of church history at the faculty of history and philology. The subsequent discussions are disclosed: the university historians attempted to pass this chair to the professor, whose background was not related with any theological Academy. The failure of such an attempt lead afterwards to the loose of significance of the church history courses for the program of special historical training in Moscow University.

Faculty of theology, Department of Church history, secularization of teaching, the training of historians

1. Andreev A. Ju. Rossijskie universitety XVIII — pervoj poloviny XIX veka v kontekste universitetskoj istorii Evropy (Russian Universities of XVIII — First Half of XIX Centuries in Context of University History of Europe), Moscow, 2009.
2. Aleksandrenko V. N. 1873 “Proekt Bogoslovskogo fakul'teta pri Ekaterine II. 1773 g.” (Project of Theological Faculty by Ekaterina II. 1773), in Vestnik Evropy, 1873, vol. 6/11, pp. 301–316.
3. Gerasimov O., diakon. 2008 “Istorija Cerkvi v sisteme nauchnyh disciplin v rossijskih universitetah XIX v.” (Church History in System of Academic Subjects in Russian Universities in XIX Cent.), in XVIII Ezhegodnaja Bogoslovskaja konferencija PSTGU, Moscow, 2008, vol. 1, pp. 353–358.
4. Petrov F. A. Formirovanie sistemy universitetskogo obrazovanija v Rossii (Forming of System of University Education in Russia), Moscow, 2002, vol. 1: Rossijskie universitety i Ustav 1804 goda (Russian Universities and Regulations of 1804).
5. Posohova L. Ju. Na perehresti kul'tur, tradicij, epoh. Pravoslavni kolegiumi Ukraini naprikinci XVII — na pochatku XIX st. (On Crossroad of Cultures, Traditions, Times. Orthodox Collegiums of Ukraine of End of XVII — Begin of XIX Cent.), Harkiv, 2011.
6. Rozhdestvenskij S. V. Ocherki po istorii sistem narodnogo prosveshhenija v Rossii v XVIII–XIX vekah (Essays on History of System of People Enlightenment in Russia in XVIII–XIX Centuries), Saint-Petersburg, 1912, vol. 1.
7. Suhova N. Ju. Vysshaja duhovnaja shkola: problemy i reformy (vtoraja polovina XIX veka) (High Spiritual School: Problems and Reforms (Second Half of XIX Century)), Moscow, 2006.
8. Suhova N. Ju. Sistema nauchno-bogoslovskoj attestacii v Rossii v XIX — nachale XX veka (System of Academic Theological Attestation in Russia in XIX — Begin of XX Century), Moscow, 2009.
9. Suhova N. Ju. Russkaja bogoslovskaja nauka (po doktorskim i magisterskim dissertacijam 1870–1918 gg.) (Russian Theological Science (according to Doctoral and Master Dissertations of 1870-1918)), Moscow, 2012.
10. Suhova N. Ju. 2013 “«Istoriko-bogoslovskaja revoljucija» v vysshej duhovnoj shkole v Rossii” (Historical-Theological Revolution in High Spiritual School in Russia), in Filaretovskij al'manah, vol. 9, Moscow, 2013.
11. Andreev A. Ju., Posohov S. I. (eds.) Universitet v Rossijskoj imperii XVIII — pervoj poloviny XIX veka (University in Russian Empire of XVIII — First Half of XIX Century), Moscow, 2012.
12. Cygankov D. A., Il'jashenko N. A. 2015 “Protoierej Aleksandr Mihajlovich Ivancov-Platonov i istoriki Moskovskogo universiteta” (Archpriest Aleksandr Mihajlovich Ivancov-Platonov and Historians of Moscow University), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija II: Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi, 2015, vol. 1. pp. 137–149.
13. Chesnokov V. I. 2012 “Puti formirovanija i harakternye cherty sistemy universitetskogo istoricheskogo obrazovanija v dorevoljucionnoj Rossii” (Ways of Forming and Characteristic Traits of System of University Historical Education in Russia before Revolution), in Istoricheskaja kul'tura imperatorskoj Rossii. Formirovanie predstavlenij o proshlom, Moscow, 2012, pp. 113–137.

Andreev Andrei

The article analyzes the documents by which the Church attempted to regulate their own information and publishing activity in the early twentieth century. Scientifi c and technological progress of the era influenced various aspects of social life, including Church Ministry in the community. According to this background, the Orthodox Church attempted to build up its missionary and educational work in different directions: to create a printing center for liturgical publications, establishing peer review of textbooks for parochial schools, religious schools and seminaries. Several years there was continuing debate about whether the conclusion in a single Agency monitor all publishing activity. At the Council of 1917–1918 on the publishing and information sector had pinned their hopes on the expansion of the educational mission in a society obsessed by revolutionary turmoil. But the adopted initiatives were never realized, and in 1925 the right to issue publications and periodicals of the Church was taken away.

the Russian Orthodox Church history, church communication, public documents of the Russian Orthodox Church, Church highest authorities, the Church information politics, information and publishing activity of the Church, Church information.

1. Balashov N., prot. Na puti k liturgicheskomu vozrozhdeniju (On Way to Liturgical Renewal), Moscow, 2001.
2. Kashevarov A. N. 2002 “Vysshee Cerkovnoe Upravlenie v 1918–1922 gg.” (High Church Administration in 1918–1922), in Russkaja Cerkov' XX vek. Materialy konferencii «Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi v XX veke (1917–1933 gg.), Munich, 2002, vol. 1.
3. Orehanov G., svjashh. Na puti k Soboru (On Way to Council), Moscow, 2002.
4. Firsov S. L. Russkaja Cerkov' nakanune peremen (konec 1890-h — 1918 g.) (Russian Church before Changes (End of 1890-s — 1918)), Moscow, 2002.
5. Istorija Russkoj Cerkvi 1917–1997 (History of Russian Church 1917–1997), Moscow, 1997, vol. 9.

Zhukovskaia Evgeniia

The author reveals the life and personality of an outstanding fignhting commander of World War I, Aleksei Brusilov’s wife. Her role in his life was shadowed during the Soviet period because of her anti-soviet position mostly due to her orthodox religious views. The paper is based on the unpublished correspondence between Nadezhda Brusilov) and her husband in 1914–1917 when A. A. Brusilov was at the front, and his wife was engaged in charity work in the rear, as well as her diary written during the years she lived in Czechoslovakia as an emigrant (5972 GARF F. A. A. and N. V. Brusilov). The letters show a great emotional unity of the couple although the relationship between them has not always been smooth. N. V. Brusilov had a strong character, tried to infl uence her husband, give recommendations how to conduct military operations, to avoid casualties, but she managed to brighten up the loneliness of the commander in the last period of his life, taking care of him, preserved and published his memoirs. Brusilov believed their marriage happy. After Aleksei Brusilov’s death in 1926, Nadezhda Brusilov went to Czechoslovakia (1930) under the guise of treatment and did not returned to Russia. She was marginalized in the emigrants’ milieu because of Alexei Brusilov’s position during the Soviet — Polish War in 1920 when he joined the Red Army. The position of her husband she unequivocally justified patriotic motives. She fixed her nostalgic feelings for the lost homeland and her loneliness in a foreign land in her diary. It was not intended to be published as N. V. Brusilov feared damage to people stay in Russia. Her diary is an important source on her life abroad as an emigrant, her thoughts about her lost homeland, her views on Orthodox Church, both in Russia and abroad.

General Brusilov, Nadezhda Zhelihovskaya-Brusilov, post-revolutionary emigration

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2. Aronson G. E. D. 1954 “Kuskova” (Kuskova), in Novyj zhurnal, New York, 1954, vol. 37, p. 256.
3. Bredihin A. V. 2014 “Ukraina. V centre konflikta” (Ukraine. In Center of Conflict), in Pervaja mirovaja vojna: Istoriograficheskie mify i istoricheskaja pamjat', Moscow, 2014, vol. 1, pp. 162–184.
4. Golikov A. G. 1998 “General Brusilov: stranicy zhizni i dejatel'nosti” (General Brusilov: Pages of Life and Activity), in Novaja i novejshaja istorija, 1998, vol. 4, pp. 147–169.
5. Gricaeva A. N. Blagotvoritel'nost' v Rossii v gody Pervoj mirovoj vojny: Dis. … kand. ist. nauk (Charity in Russia in Years of the First World War: Dissertation), Moscow, 2008.
6. Zdanovich A. A. 1993 “Vozvrashhenie generala Slashhova” (Return of General Slashov), in Neizvestnaja Rossija. XX vek, Moscow, 1993, vol. 3, pp. 107–118.
7. Il'in Iv. A. O grjadushhej Rossii: Izbrannye stat'i (About Coming Russia: Selected Articles), Moscow, 1993.
8. Os'kin M. Brusilov. Carskij krasnyj general (Brusilov. Tsar’s Red General), Moscow, 2013.
9. Pashenceva S. V. Dejatel'nost' zhenskih blagotvoritel'nyh obshhestv Rossii v konce XIX — nachale XX v. (Activity of Woman Charity Societies of Russia in End of XIX — Begin of XX Cent.), Moscow, 1995.
10. Runov V. General Brusilov. Luchshij polkovodec Pervoj mirovoj vojny (General Brusilov. The Best Commander of the First World War), Moscow, 2014.
11. Sokolov Ju. V. 1988 “Aleksej Alekseevich Brusilov” (Aleksej Alekseevich Brusilov), in Voprosy istorii, 1988, vol. 11, pp. 80–97.
12. Sokolov Ju. V. Krasnaja zvezda ili krest? Zhizn' i sud'ba generala Brusilova (Red Star or Cross? Life and Destiny of General Brusilov), Moscow, 1994.
13. Shabanov V. M. 1994 “Brusilov A. A.” (Brusilov A. A.), in Otechestvennaja istorija. Istorija Rossii s drevnejshih vremen do 1917 g.: Jenciklopedija, Moscow, 1994, vol. 1, p. 293.

Rodionova Nadezhda

The essay describes the 1950s and the 1960s as an important period in the study of poll-tax registers (soul revisions). This period began with the publication of E. P. Podyapolskaya’s article, titled «Poll-tax registers (soul revisions) as a historical source», in the compendium to the 70th anniversary of academician B. D. Grekov in 1952. Interest in poll-tax registers as a source was resumed after a 35-year period of oblivion, when the change in the political life of the USSR has seen a departure from the former rigid ideological matrix. When considering the socio-economic history of the Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, historians returned to the academic questions. The number of papers that have used poll-tax registers was not large, but they were distinguished by the depth and thoroughness of analysis. A considerable amount of documents, especially from the Russian state archive of ancient acts and the Russian state historical archive, was introduced into research space. The article analyses the works that have studied the different categories of peasants, including the population of the mining districts. The period 1960s has also become an important stage in the study of social structure of cities and their craft specialization based on the poll-tax registers analysis. In the essay special attention is paid to the role of the three researchers in the history of historical demography, such as V. K. Yatsunsky, who created the scientific school in this field, V. M. Kabuzan, who introduced poll-tax registers into investigation of various aspects of the demographic history of the Russian Empire, and N. A. Gorskaya, who analyzed in detail the vast historiography of the research fi eld.

historical demography, historiography, urban and regional history, russian poll-tax registers (so-called revisions), 18th and 19th centuries russian history, imperial Russia.

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7. Gorskaja N. A. Istoricheskaja demografija Rossii jepohi feodalizma: Itogi i problemy izuchenija (Historical Demography of Russia in Time of Feudalism: Results and Problems of Study), Moscow, 1994.
8. Gromyko M. M. Zapadnaja Sibir' v XVIII veke (Western Siberia in XVIII Century), Novosibirsk, 1965.
9. Gromyko M. M. 1963 “Krest'jane cerkovnyh votchin Zapadnoj Sibiri v 40–60-h godah XVIII veka” (Peasants of Church Estates of Western Siberia in 40–60-s Years of XVIII Cent.), in Ezhegodnik po agrarnoj istorii Vostochnoj Evropy. 1961 g., Riga, 1963, pp. 262–270.
10. Gromyko M. M. 1962 “Nekotorye osobennosti pripisnoj derevni Zapadnoj Sibiri vtoroj poloviny XVIII v.” (Some Features of Attached Village of Western Siberia of Second Half of XVIII Cent.), in Ezhegodnik po agrarnoj istorii Vostochnoj Evropy. 1960 g., Kiev, 1962, pp. 296–306.
11. Indova E. I. Dvorcovoe hozjajstvo v Rossii. Pervaja polovina XVIII veka (Palace Economy in Russia. First Half of XVIII Century), Moscow, 1964.
12. Kabuzan V. M. Izmenenija v razmeshhenii naselenija Rossii v XVIII — pervoj polovine XIX v. (po materialam revizij) (Changes in Placing of Russian Population in XVIII — First Half of XIX Cent. (according to Materials of Revisions)), Moscow, 1971.
13. Kabuzan V. M. 1959 “Materialy revizij kak istochnik po istorii naselenija Rossii XVIII — pervoj poloviny XIX v. (1718–1858 gg.)” (Materials of Revisions as Source for Population History of Russia of XVIII — First Half of XIX Cent. (1718–1858)), in Istorija SSSR, 1959, vol. 5, pp. 128–140.
14. Kabuzan V. M. Narodonaselenie Rossii v XVIII — pervoj polovine XIX v. (po materialam revizij) (Population of Russia in XVIII — First Half of XIX Cent. (according to Materials of Revisions)), Moscow, 1963.
15. Kabuzan V. M. Narody Rossii v XVIII veke: Chislennost' i jetnicheskij sostav (Folks of Russia in XVIII Century: Quantity and Ethnic Structure), Moscow, 1990.
16. Kabuzan V. M., Shepukova N. M. 1959 “Tabel' pervoj revizii narodonaselenija Rossii (1718–1727 gg.)” (Chart of First Revision of Russian Population (1718–1727)), in Istoricheskij arhiv, 1959, vol. 3, pp. 126–130.
17. Klokman Ju. R. Ocherki social'no-jekonomicheskoj istorii gorodov Severo-Zapada Rossii v seredine XVIII v. (Essays in Social-Economic History of Cities of North-West of Russia in Middle of XVIII Cent.), Moscow, 1960.
18. Klokman Ju. R. Social'no-jekonomicheskaja istorija russkogo goroda. Vtoraja polovina XVIII v. (Social-Economic History of Russian City. Second Half of XVIII Cent.), Moscow, 1967.
19. Pod’japol'skaja E. I. 1952 “Revizskie skazki kak istoricheskij istochnik” (Revision Reports as Historical Source), in Akademiku B. D. Grekovu ko dnju semidesjatiletija, Moscow, 1952, pp. 311–321.
20. Ryndzjunskij P. G. Gorodskoe grazhdanstvo doreformennoj Rossii (City Citizens of Russia before Reforms), Moscow, 1958.
21. Shepukova N. M. Izmenenie udel'nogo vesa pomeshhich'ih krest'jan v sostave naselenija Evropejskoj Rossii v XVIII — 1-j polovine XIX v. (1718–1858 gg.). Dis. … kand. ist. nauk (Change of Unit Weight of Landlord Peasants in Structure of Population of European Russia in XVIII — 1st Half of XIX Cent. (1718–1858). Dissertation), Moscow, 1960.
22. Shepukova N. M. 1959 “Izmenenie udel'nogo vesa chastnovladel'cheskogo krest'janstva v sostave naselenija Evropejskoj Rossii v XVIII — nachale XIX v.” (Change of Unit Weight of Private Owner Peasants in Structure of Population of European Russia in XVIII — Begin of XIX Cent.). in Voprosy istorii, 1959, vol. 12, pp. 123–136.
23. Shepukova N. M. 1966 “K voprosu o chislennosti barshhinnyh i obrochnyh pomeshhich'ih krest'jan Evropejskoj Rossii vo 2-j polovine XVIII veka” (To Question of Quantity of Corvee and Tribute Landlord Peasants of European Russia in 2nd Half of XVIII Century), in Ezhegodnik po agrarnoj istorii Vostochnoj Evropy. 1964 god, Kishinev, 1966, pp. 400–408.
24. Shepukova N. M. 1964 “Ob izmenenii razmerov dushevladenija pomeshhikov Evropejskoj Rossii v pervoj chetverti XVIII — pervoj polovine XIX v.” (About Change of Sizes of People Owning of Landlords of European Russia in First Quarter of XVIII — First Half of XIX Cent.), in Ezhegodnik po agrarnoj istorii Vostochnoj Evropy. 1963 god, Vil'njus, 1964, pp. 402–419.
25. Jacunskij V. K. 1957 “Izmenenija v razmeshhenii naselenija Evropejskoj Rossii v 1724–1916 gg.” (Changes in Location of Population of European Russia in 1724–1916), in Istorija SSSR, 1957, vol. 1, pp. 192–224.

Ul'ianova Galina

While the Earth’s population grows exponentially and with it grows the number of baptized Catholics, there is no corresponding growth among the Catholic clergy. On the other hand the number of “believers outside of the Church” and nonbelievers grows each year and the center of the world Christianity moves to the South. At the same time Christianity has become the religion of megalopolises. Finally, the growth of the “Charismatic communities” has become one of the most important challenges to the Catholic Church in the world. But the Catholic Church in its current state is unable to satisfyingly answer to any of these challenges. The image of the Church is tarnished by continuous sex scandals. It is then that an Argentine cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio is elected to be the head of the Catholic Church as the new pope. He chooses to be named Francis both acknowledging deeply problematic state of the Church in the world and symbolizing its readiness to restoration. The new Pope begins his work by reminding that the goal of the Church is evangelism, that is spreading the Gospel in the modern world. To be succeed in this the Catholic Church needs to change its image in the public’s eye. The Church needs to be seen merciful and poor, to get rid of the clericalism. Another goal set by Pope Francis is realization of the decisions of the Second Vatican Council on forming post-Constantine model of the Catholic Church, that is on collegiality in governing the Church and increasing the role of lay Catholics, including women, in the Church affairs. By these changes the Pope wants to shape a new model of the Catholic Church. This article describes this process and its implications.

Pope Francis, II Vatican Council, clericalism, celibate, “Allience of Throne and Altar”, clergy, laity, сollegiality, women, bishops, primate, “Lumen gentium”, Early Church, believers without church, Post-Constantine era, Roman curia, bishops conference,

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Filippov Boris

The petition of Peter the Great for return of a taken church from the Orthodox christians of Venice is interesting in the context of the religious motives behind his domestic and foreign policy, his interaction with Catholicism, and his support of Orthodoxy in Europe and the Ottoman Empire. The charter itself is a unique document testifying to the concerns of the Russian czar for coreligionists in a Catholic country. At the same time, it is clear that in an epoch when religion was tightly intertwined with politics, such an appeal was not only part of religious but also secular politics. The goals of the Russian government in the Balkans coincide with the aspirations of the Orthodox peoples languishing under the yoke of the Turks: they had seen in Russia the liberator of the hated invaders. The natural allies of Moscow-Petersburg themselves for a long time to convince kings to stand up for the persecuted faith, and calls were heard from bishops of the Eastern Church and the authorities are dependent on the Turkish vassal principalities. Finally, the moment came. Despite the fact that Peter did not want war with the Sultan, he had to prepare for it, and for that sought to mobilize all the allies, including the Balkan Christians. The letter addressed to the Venetian Doge, actually addressed to them. Following the message the Russian government opens in Venice diplomatic agency, whose task are monitoring the political situation in Italy and the Balkans, as well as the recruitment of volunteers under the fl ag of St. Andrew. Thus, the charter-petition of Peter for the Orthodox of Venice has completely fulfi lled its task — it has become part of a policy to win sympathy of the peoples of the Balkans, and has contributed to the understanding that the Venetian government would not object to the actions of the Russian envoys in the country.

Peter the Great, Venice, Greek Orthodox Church, Meletios Tipald, Holy See.

Iastrebov Aleksei