St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article discusses the development of relations between the Russian and Constantinople Churches during the rule of the Saint Patriarch Tikhon (1917–1925). Originated in the Greek environment after the defeat of Turkey in World war I the plans for the transformation of Constantinople into the «real pan-Orthodox centre» and surrender to him the rest of the local Churches led to the development of an unprecedented expansion of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the world, mostly due to the capture of dioceses and parishes of the Russian Church. In order to turn the primacy of honour in the Orthodox world in championship power Constantinople was interested in the weakening of the Moscow Patriarchate. Simultaneously, from 1922 began to show the desire of the Phanar (Constantinople Patriarchate) to enlist the support of the Soviet government in relations with the government of Turkey, as well as addressing the aggravated financial problems of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Taken together, these reasons led to open transition of the Constantinople Patriarchate on the side of the Renovationist schism in Russia in 1924, which made the preservation of canonical communion with him for the Russian Orthodox Church is virtually impossible.

Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Renovationist schism, relations between churches, international politics.

1. Buevskij A. 1953 “Patriarh Konstantinopol'skij Meletij IV i Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov'” (Meletius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and Russian Orthodox Church), in Zhurnal Moskovskoj Patriarhii, 1953, vol. 3.
2. Buevskij A. 1953 “Patriarh Konstantinopol'skij Grigorij VII i Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov'” (Gregorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and Russian Orthodox Church), in Zhurnal Moskovskoj Patriarhii, 1953, vol. 4.
3. Ermilov P. 2015 “Konstantinopol'skaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov' [1908–1948 gg.]” (Orthodox Church of Constantinople), in Pravoslavnaja jenciklopedija, Moscow, 2015, vol. 37.
4. Ivanov S. N. 2014 “Hronologija obnovlencheskogo «perevorota» v Russkoj Cerkvi po novym arhivnym dokumentam” (Chronology of Obnivkencheskij “Coap” in Russian Church according to New Archive Documents), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija II: Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi, 2014, vol. 3/58.
5. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi: Ot vosstanovlenija Patriarshestva do nashih dnej, 1917–1970 (History of Russian Orthodox Church: From Renewal of Patriarchy till Our Days, 1917–1970), Saint-Petersburg, 1997, vol. 1.
6. Kostrjukov A. A. 2011 “K istorii vzaimootnoshenij mezhdu Russkoj Zarubezhnoj Cerkov'ju i Konstantinopol'skoj Patriarhiej v 1920–1924 gg.” (To History of Relations of Russian Church Abroad and Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1920–1924), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija II: Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi, 2011, vol. 6/43.
7. Safonov D. Svjatitel' Tihon, Patriarh Moskovskij i vseja Rossii, i ego vremja (St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, and His Time), Moscow, 2013.
8. Chibisova A. A. 2015 “K voprosu o poluchenii avtokefalii Pol'skoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkov'ju” (To Question of Receiving the Autocephaly of Polish Orthodox Church), in Cerkov'. Bogoslovie. Istorija: Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-bogoslovskoj konferencii (Ekaterinburg, 6–7 fevralja 2015 g.), Ekaterinburg, 2015.
9. Shkarovskij M. V. Konstantinopol'skij Patriarhat i Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov' v pervoj polovine XX veka (Patriarchate of Constantinople and Russian Orthodox Church in First Half of XX Century), Moscow, 2014.

Mazyrin Aleksandr, priest

This article offers support the claim expense seized in 1922 under the slogan of helping the starving of church property in the minting of coins in connection with the monetary reform. It is primarily a silver, whose share in the value of the selected property in the existing temples was 86 percent. Need dragmetalah as the reform of the circulation of money there, regardless of the problem of hunger 1921–1922 and determined refusal of the Bolshevik leaders from the course on monetary economy in the post-war chaos. Evidence for the main thesis of the article served as the internal reports of structural divisions of People’s Commissariat of Finance and the People’s Commissariat of Workers ‘and Peasants’ Inspection, which indicated that in the period of the campaign for the withdrawal and delivery of church property in the state store, recently seen as the main source of silver for coinage on Petrograd Mint. Information about church silver was present in the reports to send to the metal from Gokhran Mint statements and the amount of metal intended for coinage. Demand for silver for the execution of production programs for minting exceed the available reserves of the metal, which resulted in the purchase of silver on foreign markets and buying coins Imperial coinage in the population of the country. Silver in donations and reform played a role supportive factor for strengthening confidence in the paper currency treasury.

Russian Orthodox Church, religious values, Church Silver, coinage, monetary reform, monetary circulation, mint, state storage, People’s Commissariat of Finance

1. Belov E. I. 1972 “Sud'ba cerkovnyh cennostej, iz’jatyh sovetskoj vlast'ju v 1922 godu” (Destiny of Church Values, Confiscated by Soviet Power in 1922), in Vestnik Russkogo studencheskogo hristianskogo dvizhenija, Paris, 1972, vol. 104–105, pp. 325–327.
2. Vasil'eva O. Ju., Knyshevskij P. N. Krasnye konkistadory (Red Conquistadores), Moscow, 1994.
3. Vinokur S. M. 1926 “Denezhnoe obrashhenie posle reformy”, in Vestnik finansov, 1926, vol. 4, p. 3.
4. Glejzer M. M. 1975 “Leningradskij Monetnyj dvor” (Leningrad Mint), in Voprosy istorii, Moscow, 1975, vol. 1, p. 208.
5. Goland Ju. M. Diskussii ob jekonomicheskoj politike v gody denezhnoj reformy 1921–1924 (Discussions about Economic Politics in Years of Money Reform 1921–1924), Moscow, 2006.
6. Dobrohotov L. N., Kolodezhnyj V. N., Pushkarev V. S. (eds.) Denezhnaja reforma 1921–1924 gg.: sozdanie tverdoj valjuty: Dokumenty i materialy (Money Reform 1921–1924: Creating of Hard Warrancy: Documents and Materials), Moscow, 2008.
7. Denezhnoe obrashhenie i kreditnaja sistema Sojuza SSR za 20 let (Money Circulation and Credit System of USSR for 20 Years), Moscow, 1939.
8. Ivanov S., diak. Finansy i politika v realizacii iz‘jatyh v 1922 g. cerkovnyh cennostej // Vestnik PSTGU. Serija II: Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi. M., 2015. № 5. S. 36–60.
9. Larsons M. Ja. Na sovetskoj sluzhbe. Zapiski speca (On Soviet Service. Notices of a Specialist), Paris, 1930.
10. Lenin V. I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij (Full Collection of Works), Moscow, 1975, vol. 54.
11. Russkij rubl'. Dva veka istorii. XIX–XX vv. (Russian Ruble. Two Ages of History. XIX–XX Cent.), Moscow, 1994.
12. Sokol'nikov G. Ja. Finansovaja politika revoljucii (Financial Politics of Revolution), Moscow, 2006.
13. Denezhnaja politika sovetskoj vlasti (1917 –1927): Izbrannye stat'i (Money Politics of Soviet Power (1917–1927): Selected Articles), Moscow, 2008.

Ivanov Sergei, диакон

The article is devoted to Bolshevik state campaign of seizing church reaches in Donetsk region. The article describes arrangement and implementation stages of the campaign, the attitude of faithful people and clergy towards the campaign, etc. The author illustrated that local authorities presented the campaign as will of the Soviet people, whilst in reality it met the resistance of both clergy and laity. The author believes that specific features of the campaign were to a large extent defined by the fact that there were very few churches in industrial Donetsk region. Due to this fact church reaches were sometimes seized more than once. Sometimes this resulted in complete devastation of churches. In the author’s opinion the unwillingness of the local authorities to permit laymen buy out church reaches was caused by the same reason.

confiscation of church reaches, church property, acts of the confi scation of church reaches, faithful, clergy, laity, famine of 1921–1922, famine relief, Donetsk region, Mariupol, Svyatogorsky lavra

1. Vojnalovich V. A., Kochan N. І. Relіgіjnij chinnik etnopolіtichnih procesіv na Donbasі: іstorіja і suchasnіst' (Religious Factor of Ethic-Political Processes in Donbas: History and Modernity), Kiіv, 2014.
2. Krivova N. A. 1999 “Vlast' i Cerkov' v 1922–1925 gg. Politbjuro i GPU v bor'be za cerkovnye cennosti i politicheskoe podchinenie duhovenstva” (Power and Church in 1922–1925. Politburo and GPU in Struggle for Church Values and Political Subjection of Clergy), in Mahaon, 1999, vol. 1.
3. Maksimchuk T. A. Donbass: tri strashnyh vremeni (Donbass: Three Terrible Times), in http://dn.archives.gov.ua/articles/stat35.htm (Date: 31.08.2015)).
4. Nikol'skij V. N. Pravoslavnoe duhovenstvo Donetchiny, repressirovannoe v 1920–1950-h gg. (v dokumentah i materialah: monografija) (Orthodox Clergy of Donetchina, Repressed in 1920–1950-s Years (in Documents and Materials, Monography)), Doneck, 2013.
5. Nikol'skij V. N. 1994 “Religioznye techenija i gruppirovki v Donbasse serediny 1920-h gg.” (Religious Streams and Groups in Donbas of Middle of 1920-s Years), in Novye stranicy Donbassa, 1994, vol. 3.
6. Nikiforenko A. R. 1997 “Viluchennja cerkovnyh cinnostej pid chas golodu 1921–1922 r. (Na materialah Donechchini)” (Confiscation of Church Values in Time of Hunger 1921–1922 (on Materials of Donetchina)), in Materiali naukovoi konferencii «Istorija nauki, politologija», Donec'k, 1997, vol. 1.
7. Rudenko T. 1922 “Po Donbassu. Dom otdyha dlja rabochih Donbassa” (About Donbass. Rest Home for Workers of Donbass), in Vserossijskaja kochegarka, 1922, vol. 168.
8. Samohvalov A. 1922 “K iz’jatiju cennostej v Svjatogorskom monastyre” (To Confiscation of Values in Svjatogorskij Monastery), in Vserossijskaja kochegarka, 1922, vol. 74.
9. Samohvalov A. 1922 “Po svjatym mestam” (To Holy Places), in Vserossijskaja kochegarka, 1922, vol. 86.
10. Trigub O. Rozkol Rosіjs'koj pravoslavnoї cerkvi v Ukrainі (1922–39rr.): mіzh derzhavnim polіtichnim upravlіnnjam ta reformacіeju (Schism of Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine (1922–1939): between State Political Directiorate and Reformation), Mikolaїv, 2009.
11. Fesenko A. M. 2008 “Konfіskacіja cerkovnih cіnnostej na Donechchinі pіd chas golodu 1921–1923 rr.” (Confiscation of Church Values in Donetchina in Time of Huber 1921–1923), in Vіsnik Cherkas'kogo unіversitetu, Cherkasi, 2008, vol. 133–134.
12. Hjurenina I. Ju. 1998 “Antireligioznaja politika sovetskoj vlasti i obshhestvennye nastroenija v Donbasse v 1920-e gg.” (Antireligious Politics of Soviet Power and Public Moods in Donbass in 1920-s Years), in Novi storinki istorii Donechchini, Donec'k, 1998, vol. 6.
13. 1922 “Cerkovnoe zoloto golodajushhim” (Church Gold to Starving), in Priazovskaja pravda, 1922, vol. 75.

Rebrova Mariia

The article reveals the content of measures of Church valuables confiscation in the Vladimir in 1922. Valuable works of art and antiquities were confi scated from Vladimir temples and monasteries under the support of the established confi scation commissions of religious values. We specifies that the Soviet regime had great fi nancial difficulties and was looking for a way out of the situation by increasing currency budget mainly through export and sale abroad of Church property. The famine in the Volga region was the main occasion to replenish the treasury confiscated Church property. On the basis of archival sources established that the confiscation of Church valuables in Vladimir began on March 17, 1922 on the basis of the instruction «On the confi scation of Church valuables». Local authorities were instructed to monitor compliance with instructions. Information on seized property collected provincial Finance Department. If the believers wanted to leave liturgical items, they offered to replace these appropriate items by the monetary or material equivalent. The article noted that the first withdrawal values were subjected from the richest temples and monasteries. In total, this procedure were subjected more than 46 Vladimir churches, cathedrals and monasteries. The total number of seized items amounted to about 27 pounds. Archival sources recorded the facts of the active resistance of the clergy in the Vladimir diocese. The anti-government rumors spread in the Vladimir temples. The fi nancial authorities, experts of the provincial museum and ordinary people were involved for the confiscation of Church property. It is concluded that the campaign for the confiscation of Church valuables in Vladimir was successful. Sold items received the Public repository of the Republic, the Financial Department of the all-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Vladimir province museums.

Church values, the city of Vladimir, the hunger, the Commission of the confiscation of Church valuables, temples, monasteries.

1. Grabar' I. Je. Moja zhizn'. Avtobiografija (My Life. Autobiography), Moscow, Leningrad, 1937.
2. Kutergina Ju. V. Politika Sovetskogo gosudarstva po otnosheniju k Russkoj Pravoslavnoj cerkvi v 1918–1925 gg. vo Vladimirskoj gubernii: Avtoref. dis. kand. ist. nauk (Politics of Soviet State to Russian Orthodox Church in 1918–1925 in Vladimirskaja Region: Dissertation Abstract), Ivanovo, 2008.
3. Levin O. Ju., Prosvetov R. Ju. Iz‘jatie cerkovnyh cennostej i «cerkovnaja revoljucija» (1922–1923) (Confiscation of Church Values and “Church Revolution” (1922–1923)), in http://www.grad-kirsanov.ru/article.php?id=orthodox.10 (Date: 24.02.2015)).
4. 1922 “Raskol v cerkvi” (Schism in Church), in Prizyv, 1922, vol. 70 (13 June).
5. Pravoslavnaja jenciklopedija. Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov', (Orthodox Encyclopedia. Russian Orthodox Church) Moscow, 2000.
6. Fedosova Ju. V. 2006 “Zakrytie cerkvej v provincial'nyh gorodah Vladimirskoj gubernii v 20-h gg. XX v.” (Closing of Churches in Province Cities of Vladimirskaja Region in 20-s Years of XX Cent.), in Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N. A. Nekrasova: Nauchno-metodicheskij zhurnal. Serija «Istoricheskie nauki», 2006, vol. 12/9.

Lichak Natal'ia

The birth, development and extinction peculiarities of the “Red Ritualism” (new traditions and rituals of Soviet Russia) in the territory of Don Oblast in 1923–1924 are considered in this article on the basis of the regional periodicals of 1920. The Soviet Government was interested in new ritualism from the first revolution years till the beginning of 1930 and in the period of the Khrushchev Thaw (the end of the 1950 — the beginning of the 1960 ). The article is devoted to the investigation of theses processes at the regional level in the first half-year of the 1920. The struggle with survives of time was on of the most evident areas of the anti-religious activity of the Goverment in the fi rst half-year of the 1920 th. After the company of church values confiscation the Government stroke an ideological blow at the way of life — they created “civil funeral”, “red marriage” and “octyabriny” (a name-day, the soviet ritual as an alternative of christening). In the Don region theses rituals appeared in 1923. “The red christening” was the most popular, “the civil funeral” was the least one. These processes were mostly spread in the cities and in a less degree in the villages. While in the whole country in 1925 the interest toward the “red ritualism” reached the peak, in the Donskaya oblast it was fading away. The author in this work uses the archive materials that were not published previously. The article will be useful for the specialists and other people interested in the given subject.

Russian Orthodox Church, red ritualism, soviet rituals, zvezdiny, red funeral, soviet marriage, christening, rituals, Donskaya oblast, oktyabriny, anti-religious propaganda.

1. Krapivin M. Ju. Nepridumannaja cerkovnaja istorija: vlast' i Cerkov' v sovetskoj Rossii (oktjabr' 1917 — konec 1930-h godov) (Non-Fictional Church History: Power and Church in Soviet Russia (October 1917 — End of 1930-s Years)), Volgograd, 1997.
2. Rol'f M. Sovetskie massovye prazdniki (Soviet Massive Feasts), Moscow, 2009.
3. Shtrikker G. (ed.) Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov' v sovetskoe vremja (1917–1991): Materialy i dokumenty po istorii otnoshenij mezhdu gosudarstvom i Cerkov'ju (Russian Orthodox Church in Soviet Time (1917–1991): Materials and Documents for History of Relations between State and Church), Moscow, 1995, vol. 1.
4. Serdjukova N. V. Gosudarstvennaja politika sovetskogo gosudarstva v oblasti religii v 1920-e gg. (na materialah Severnogo Kavkaza). Dis. … kand. ist. nauk (State Politics of Soviet State in Sphere of Religion in 1920-s Years (on Materials of Northern Caucasus). Dissertation), Moscow, 2006.
5. Slezin A. A. «Za novuju veru». Gosudarstvennaja politika v otnoshenii religii i politicheskij kontrol' sredi molodezhi RSFSR (1918–1921 gg.) (“For the New Faith”. State Politics to Religion and Political Control of Young People of RSFSR (1918–1921)), Moscow, 2009.
6. Slezin A. A. 2005 “Voinstvujushhee bezbozhie v SSSR vtoroj poloviny 1920-h godov” (Militant Atheism in USSR of Second Half of 1920-s Years), in Voprosy istorii, 2005, vol. 9.
7. Sokolova A. 2013 “«Nel'zja, nel'zja novyh ljudej horonit' po-staromu»” (One Cannot, Cannot Bury New People as Before), in Otechestvennye zapiski, 2013, vol. 5.

Tabunshchikova Liudmila

The publication examines the previously unknown text of St. Tikhon (Bellavin), future Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) entitled «Jansenism». This article was based on the thesis of St. Tikhon «Quesnel and his relation towards Jansenism» (1888) and in March 1891 was submitted for publication in the magazine «Readings in the Society of the ecclesiastical enlightenment lovers». The text wasn’t published in the magazine, but the manuscript was preserved in the archive of the «Society» (Russian State Library, Department of the manuscripts. F. 206). Since the thesis of St. Tikhon wasn’t preserved, this article is the only source for the understanding how he considered the one of the most important phenomena in the history of Western religious thought — Jansenism. Despite the fact that the content of the article is not relevant to the achievements of the modern scholarship, contemporary interest to the Western religious thought of XVII century and to the Russian academic theology increases the value of the article. But the undoubted importance of this text comes from its authorship, or rather from the personality of the author — St Tikhon.

St. Tikhon (Bellavin), Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia; Jansenism; Paschasius Quesnel; Russian Theology; St.-Petherburg Ecclesiastical Academy

Sukhova Nataliia

This is the first publication of letters of st. monkmartyr archimandrite Neop hyte (Osipov) to st. hieromartyr archbishop Seraphim (Samoylovich), to since Маy, 1927 till October, 1928. Archimandrite Neophyte was the personal secretary of St. Patriarch Tikhon. These letters were found in the PSTGU archive of to hieromartyr Seraphim (Samoylovich) in the handwriting original and handwritting copy.

The Russian Orthodox Church, the persecution against the Church, the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, the “right” Church opposition, the epistolary heritage.

Khailova Ol'ga