St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article is based on the thesis of the Russian thinker, social and religious figure, S. N. Bulgakov, that the religious aspect of life is inextricably linked to all aspects of human activity and defines their essential content. A political aspect had a particular interest. Bulgakov`s political position remains understudied. Dramatic changes have occurred with Bulgakov`s attitude to the Russian autocracy in 1905–1917, as can be seen in his declarations, that had a political significance. At the same time the religious sentiment of the philosopher changed. It left a painted in tones of a Christian idealism for the sake of «the faith of the fathers», Orthodox faith. This evolution was not without Bulgakov`s original features that are rooted in his early revolutionism: this «symphony» is characteristic in apocalyptic features. Not surprisingly, the political events of 1917 provoked the apocalyptic experience.

S. N. Bulgakov, the Apocalypse, «White Tsar», Russian autocracy, theocracy, «Christian politics», Russian Revolution, «The Section of seekers of Christian education», V. A. Ternavtsev, D. S. Merezhkovsky

1. Gollerbah E. A. K nezrimomu gradu: Religiozno-filosofskaja gruppa «Put'» (1910–1919) v poiskah novoj russkoj identichnosti (To an Unseen City: Religious-Philosophical Group “Road” in Search of a New Russian Identity). SPb., 2000.
2. Kolerov M. (2002) „Zametki po arheologii russkoj mysli: Bulgakov, Novgorodcev, Rozanov“ (Notes for the Archeology of Russian Thought: Bulgakov, Novgorodcev, Rozanov), in Issledovanija po istorii russkoj mysli: Ezhegodnik za 2001–2002 gody. M., 2002, pp. 611–637.
3. Kolerov M. A. Ne mir, no mech. Russkaja religiozno-filosofskaja pechat' ot «Problem idealizma» do «Veh». 1902−1909. (Not Peace, but Sword. Russian Religious-Philosophical Press from “Problems of Idealism” to “Vehi”). SPb., 1996.
4. Lokteva O. K. (1993) “Neizvestnaja stat'ja S. N. Bulgakova (1904)” (Unknown Article of S. N. Bulgakov (1904)), in Rossija i Reformy, M., 1993, vol 2, pp. 66–76.
5. Reznichenko A. I. O smyslah imen: Bulgakov, Losev, Florenskij, Frank et dii minors (About the Sense of Names: Bulgakov, Losev, Florenskij, Frank et dii minors). M., 2012.
6. Sukach V. G. (2002) „Kommentarii“ (Commentaries), in Rozanov V. V. Polnoe sobranie «opavshih list'ev», Kn. 1. Uedinennoe, M., 2002, pp. 313–423.

Paromov Kirill

The article covers the post-revolutionary period of the Valaam metochion’s story in Moscow. The author describes the political situation accompanying the negotiations between employees of the Justice’s Commissariat (Narkomjust) and of the Moscow Soviet concerning the liquidation of the church and the chapel of the Valaam metochion. She analyzes documents and correspondence between the parish council and the Father superior of the Valaam monastery, clarifies some facts of the Moscow Residence’s life and monks. The special significance has the analysis of sources of several archives —domestic (GARF, CIAM, CGAMO) and of Finland (the Archive of the Novovalaamsky monastery). The author drawn parallels between the events, mentioned in letters and in documents, clarifies the equivocal roles, that some monks played, who were earlier been considered as defenders of Orthodoxy and fighters against Renovationism. The author investigates the reason why the metochion was remained working whereas many churches and monasteries in Moscow were being closed. She considers the government’s protection of Finland did not play the big role in a Moscow Residence’s protection. The archival documents were attached to the article. They concern the period 1918– 1923. That is correspondence between employees of Narkomjust and Moscow Soviet about the metochion’s destiny, «The Writ of Protection» that was given by the Finnish mission, and the monk’s letter to the Valaam Abbot in which he slandered the chief of the Moscow metochion et al.

persecutions against the Russian Orthodox Church, the Moscow Residence of the Valaam monastery, liquidation of churches and monasteries, the Valaam monastery, Renovationism, repressions

1. Kovaleva I. I. (publ.) «Sud'ba jetoj registracii takova…» (Destiny of This Registration is…), in Vestnik PSTGU:II (Istorija. Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi), 2009, vol. 1, pp. 73–78.
2. Pokrovskij N. N., Petrov S. G. (eds.). Arhivy Kremlja: V 2 t. Kn. 1: Politbjuro i Cerkov' 1922 –1925 gg. (Archives of Kremlin. Vol. 1: Politburo and Church in 1922–1925) M.: ROSSMPJeN; Novosibirsk: Sibirskij hronograf, 1997.
3. Damaskin (Orlovskij), ierom. Mucheniki, ispovedniki i podvizhniki blagochestija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi XX stoletija: Zhizneopisanija i materialy k nim (Martyrs, Confessors and Devotees of Russian Orthodox Church of XX Century: Vitas and Materials for Them). Tver': Bulat, 1999. T. 3.
4. Aleksandr Mazyrin diak, Goncharov V. A., Uspenskij I. V. (eds.) Izjatie cerkovnyh cennostej v Moskve v 1922 g.: Sb. dokumentov iz fonda Revvoensoveta Respubliki (Impressment of Church Values in Moscow in 1922: Collection of Documents from the Fund of Revvoensovet of the Republic). M.: PSTGU, 2006.
5. Kashevarov A. N. (2002) “Vysshee cerkovnoe upravlenie v 1918–1922 gg.” (Highest Church Administration in 1918–1922), in Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi v XX veke (1917–1933 gg.). Materialy konferencii v g. Sjentendre (Vengrija) 13–16 nojabrja 2001. Petrozavodsk: Izdanie obiteli prp. Iova Pochaevskogo v Mjunhene, 2002, pp. 16–69.
6. Kashevarov A. N. Pravoslavnaja Rossijskaja Cerkov' i sovetskoe gosudarstvo (1917–1922) (Russian Orthodox Church and Soviet State (1917–1922)). M., 2005.
7. Petrov S. G. (2002) „Osvobozhdenie Patriarha Tihona iz-pod aresta: istochnikovedcheskoe izuchenie «pokajannyh» dokumentov“ (Liberation of Patriarch Tikhon from Arrest: Source Study of „Repentance“ Documents), in Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi v XX veke (1917–1933 gg.). Materialy konferencii v g. Sjentendre (Vengrija) 13–16 nojabrja 2001. Petrozavodsk, 2002, pp. 213–237.
8. Solov'ev Il'ja, svjashh. „Dokumenty o poslednem periode zhizni i dejatel'nosti Patriarha Tihona (Bellavina)” (Documents about the Last Period of Life and Work of Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin)), in Cerkov' i Vremja, 2009, vol. 3, pp. 245–247.
9. Hariton (Dunaev), ierom. Vvedenie novogo stilja v Finljandskoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi i prichiny nestroenij v monastyrjah (Leading of the New Style in Finnish Orthodox Church and Reasons of Problems in Monasteries). Arensburg, 1927.
10. Shevchenko T. I. Igumen Hariton. M., 2011.

Shevchenko Tat'iana

The article covers the circumstances of the consolidation of parishes of Russian tradition in the West European exarchate with the Moscow Patriarchy in 1945. The author has analyzed the subsequent circumstances that assisted the parties with the rupture of relations in 1946. On the basis of the documents the author has drawn the conclusion about the primary fragility of the first consolidation that was hasty made, nonmetering specific jurisdictional features of the West European exarchate. Serious problems on the way to unity have arisen in August, 1945, when the representative of the Moscow Patriarchy, metropolitan Nicolay (Jarushevich), had arrived to Paris. Objections against the consolidation have run as follows: the Church in the USSR continued to be in enslavement by the atheistic government. Despite the arguments of association’s opponents, metropolitan Evlogy has agreed to be the part of the Moscow Patriarchy. The next months the positions of the opponents have become stronger because of metropolitan Evlogy who remained the exarch of both Ecumenical and Moscow Patriarchs. In February, 1946 at the ceremony of ordination, bishop Nikon (Greve) has sworn not to Moscow, but to the Constantinople patriarch. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme council of the USSR from June, 14th, 1945 about citizenship that was granted to Russian emigrants in France became the serious strike on the unity. In the Exarchate the delimitation between those who has accepted the Soviet citizenship and those who has refused has begun. Thus the diocesan council, being afraid of freedom’s infringement, prepared a soil for the future separation from the Moscow Patriarchy. In July, 1946 the diocesan council made the memorandum that the policy of the further rapprochement with the USSR and the Moscow Patriarchy threatened the Exarchate with split. After metropolitan Evlogy’s death the division became the accomplished fact.

the parishes of the West European Exarchate of Russian tradition, the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, the Moscow Patriarchy, the Ecumenical Patriarchy, Patriarch Alexius I, metropolitan Evlogy (Georgievsky), metropolitan Nicolay (Jarushevich), metropolit

1. Kosik V. Russkoe cerkovnoe zarubezh'e (Russian Church Emigration). M., 2008.
2. Niv'er A. Pravoslavnye svjashhennosluzhiteli, bogoslovy i cerkovnye dejateli russkoj jemigracii v zapadnoj i central'noj Evrope. 1920–1955 (Orthodox Clerics, Theologians and Church Figures of Russian Emigration in Western and Central Europe. 1920–1955). M.; Parizh, 2007.
3. Popov A. Rossijskoe pravoslavnoe zarubezh'e: istorija i istochniki (Russian Orthodox Emigration: History and Sources). M., 2005.
4. Solov'ev I. Cerkovno-istoricheskij vestnik, 1999, vol. 4–5.
5. Cypin V., prot. Istorija Russkoj Cerkvi 1917–1997 (History of Russian Church 1917–1997). M., 1997.
6. Shkarovskij M. Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov' v XX veke (Russian Orthodox Church in XX Century). M., 2010.
7. Shkarovskij M. Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov' pri Staline i Hrushheve (Russian Orthodox Church by Stalin and Khrushchev). M., 2005.

Kostriukov Andrei

This is the publication of the letters of Kiev’s ecclesiastical academy’s professor D. I. Bogdashevskiy, future archbishop Basil, to his former academic colleague, professor A. A. Dmitrievskiy. The basic kernel of the extant letters covers the period since March, 1908 till October, 1911 — the very complicated and conflicting period for the Higher Russian theological schools. Letters informs about the Academy’s home life, about the relation between corporation’s members during the uneasy period of the Russian history and about the extracurricular church activity of the Academy’s professors at the Kiev’s religious-educational Society. Published letters were found in the A. A. Dmitrievskogo’s archival fund at the Department of manuscripts of the Russian national library.

The Russian Orthodox Church, the higher theological school, the Kiev’s ecclesiastical academy, bishop Basil (Bogdashevsky), A. A. Dmitrievsky

Sukhova Nataliia

The published document «The Adaptation’s Project of the Moscow Kremlin’s Building to a Museum city» has appeared on June, 17th, 1917 in the time of the Provisional government. This is the typewritten text publishing by means of a hectograph. Authors of the document — the outstanding Russian art workers: architect R. I. Klein, critic I. E. Grabar, collector E. F. Vishnevsky, professor of the Moscow State University P. Langovoj and architect-collector I. A. Kuznetsov. All of them were the part of the Commission of the protection of the Kremlin and the Moscow palaces and the takeover of palace property (March 1917 — spring of 1918) that existed at the Moscow municipal duma. The project had a unique large-scale character: it suggested to convert the Kremlin into the basic Moscow museum centre and to concentrate all available museum and private collections in the center. The knowledge of the condition of the Kremlin relics and monuments and the plan’s scrupulousness distinguished this Project. The project has not been discussed in a press, did not become public, however domestic historians remember it.

the Moscow Kremlin, a museum city, Russian art workers, collectors, monuments’ protection, the Commission of the protection of the Kremlin and Moscow palaces, R. I. Klein, I. E. Grab

Miliakova Lidiia

The published documents characterize the church situation in the Pereslavl’s suffragancy of the Vladimir diocese in 1925–1926. They inform about the situation that has been developed in connecting with joining of Pereslavl’s bishop Damian (Voskresensky) to the Provisional higher church council (the Gregorian split). Kovrovsky Bishop Athanasius (Sakharov) has returned to Vladimir from the Zyrjansky exile in February, 1925. He started to govern the Vladimir diocese as the first assistant of Vladimir’s archbishop Nikolay (Dobronravov), who was exiled to Moscow. However in May, 1925 the church hierarch, on request of OGPU, had to make the signed statement about the not management of the diocese. In November, 1925 the temporarily governor of the Vladimir diocese had been appointed bishop Damian (Voskresensky). In the middle of December, 1925 the Provisional higher church council (a schismatic institution) has been established by means of OGPU, and bishop Damian was included as the member of the council. After that, bishop Athanasius assumed control of the Vladimir diocese. Metropolitan Sergey (Stragorodsky), the Deputy to the Locum Tenens, condemned the Raskolniks and prohibited their church service. Bishop Damian has soon understood the mistake, repented and was reunited with the Orthodox Church. On January, 15th, 1926 bishop Athanasius was arrested. On March, 15th, 1926, after the prison, the church hierarch of the Vladimir diocese has addressed to bishop Damian. The documents disclose the position of Kovrovsky bishop Athanasius, based on principle, against the church split.

the Gregorian split, VVCS, the Pereslavl’s suffragancy, the Vladimir’s diocese, bishop Damian (Voskresensky), bishop Athanasius (Sakharov), renovationism, persecutions against

Kosik Ol'ga