St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series II: History. Russian Church History

The article focuses on the reconstruction of the role of ministerial offi cials, university professors and journal reviewers in the mechanism of (trans)formation of the hierarchy of authorities in classical philology, i.e. authors of Latin textbooks in Russia in the 1830–40s. The research methodology is based on a combination of traditional historical methods, as well as approaches developed in the framework of the history of science, the history of disciplines and the sociology of literature. The Charter of gymnasiums, district and parish schools (1828) established the standards of teaching ancient languages and provided a list of textbooks recommended for gymnasiums; these were adaptations of the grammars of the German classical philologists C. G. Broeder, F. Doering, K. Zumpt. The reform provoked the publication of dictionaries, grammars and anthologies by language teachers of diff erent levels (from priests to professors). These were not only translations and adaptations of textbooks by European classical philologists, but also textbooks based on original methodological principles. The published books were discussed in thick journals (Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, Otechestvennye zapiski, Moskvityanin). The reviewers were most often young graduates of history and philology departments of universities, who were working on their master’s theses. The journals were a public platform for the emerging community to evaluate ministry-certifi ed textbooks. In these discussions, opinions were formed as to the norms of the discipline, the fi gure of the classical philologist, the new trendsetters.

classical philology, university, Russian Empire, second quarter of 19th century, reviews, periodicals, Latin language textbooks

1. Dmitriev A. (2015) “Distsiplinarnye poriadki v gumanitarnykh i sotsial’nykh naukakh” [The disciplinary orders in humanities and social sciences], in Nauki o cheloveke: istoriia distsiplin [The Human Sciences: History of Disciplines]. Moscow, pp. 7–38 (in Russian).
2. Dubin B. (2010) “Klassika, posle i vmesto: O granitsakh i formakh kul’turnogo avtoriteta” [Classics, after and instead: On the boundaries and forms of cultural authority], in Dubin B. Klassika, posle i riadom [Classics, After and Next]. Moscow, pp. 96–107 (in Russian).
3. Dubin B., Reitblad A. (2001) “Gruppovaia dinamika i obshcheliteraturnaia traditsiia: otsylki k avtoritetam v zhurnal’nykh retsenziiakh 1820–1978 godov” [Group dynamics and general literary tradition: references to authorities in journal reviews of 1820–1978], in Reitblat A. I. Kak Pushkin vyshel v genii: Istoriko-sotsiologicheskie ocherki o knizhnoi kul’ture Pushkinskoi epokhi [How Pushkin became a genius: Historical and sociological essays on book culture of the Pushkin era]. Moscow, pp. 211–233 (in Russian).
4. Frolov E. (1999) “Graf Sergei Semenovich Uvarov i akademicheskii klassitsizm” [Count Sergei Uvarov and academic classicism], in Peterburgskaia akademiia nauk v istorii akademii mira: k 275-letiiu Akademii nauk [Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the history of the academies of the world: the 275th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences], 2, St. Petersburg, pp. 275–285 (in Russian).
5. Frolov E. (1999) Russkaia nauka ob antichnosti [Russian antiquity studies]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
6. Grafton A. (2006) “Ot poligistora k fi lologu (kak preobrazilas’ nemetskaia nauka ob antichnosti v 1780–1850-e gody)” [Polyhistor into Philolog: Notes on the transformation of German classical scholarship, 1780–1850]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 82, pp. 59–92 (in Russian).
7. Khlopnikov A. (2000) “Koshanskii i ego vremia” [Koshansky and his time]. Istoriia filosofii, 6, pp. 118–142 (in Russian).
8. Knabe G. (2000) Russkaia antichnost’: soderzhanie, rol’ i sud’ba antichnogo naseleniia v kul’ture Rossii [Russian antiquity: content, role and fate of the ancient population in the culture of Russia]. Moscow (in Russian).
9. Kostin A. (2013) “Pro Ivanov Sokolovykh” [About Ivans Sokolovs]. XVIII vek [XVIII century], 27, pp. 488–489 (in Russian).
10. Kostina T., Kirikova O. (2018) “Uchebnye knigi v gimnazii Akademii nauk 1730-kh gg.” [Textbooks in the gymnasium of the Academy of Sciences in the 1730s]. Detskie chteniia, 1, pp. 194–219 (in Russian).
11. Most G. (2009) “Vek stolknovenii: kak nemetskie antikovedy XIX stoletiia uporiadochivali svoi debaty” [One hundred years of clashes: Disciplining polemics in nineteenth-century German classical scholarship]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 96, pp. 17–27 (in Russian).
12. Petrov F. (2002–2003) Formirovanie sistemy universitetskogo obrazovaniia v Rossii [Formation of the system of university education in Russia]. Moscow (in Russian).
13. Trautmann-Waller C. (2009) “Filologiia veshchei ili filologiia slov? Istoriia odnogo spora i ego segodniashnie prodolzheniia” [Philology of things or philology of words? The history of one dispute and its contemporary continuation]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 96, pp. 28–41 (in Russian).
14. Turner R. (2006) “Istorizm, kriticheskii metod i prusskaia professura s 1740 po 1840 god” [Historicism, critical method, and the Prussian professors from 1790 to 1840]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 82, pp. 32–58 (in Russian).
15. Vishlenkova E., Galiullina R., Il’ina K. (2012) Russkie professora: Universitetskaia korporativnost’ ili professional’naia solidarnost’ [Russian professors: University corporativism or professional solidarity]. Moscow (in Russian).
16. Whittaker C. (1999) Graf Sergei Semenovich Uvarov i ego vremia [Count Sergei Uvarov and his time]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Ilina Kira

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-013-00227 А.

The article is devoted to the fi rst element of the Uvarov triad Orthodoxy. Autocracy. Nationality. The previous historiographic tradition tends to view it as a formality, completely subordinated to the political demands of the autocracy. This article examines the understanding by the Minister of Public Education S. S. Uvarov (1833–1849) of Orthodoxy in the context of his views on the world’s history and Russian history, as well as the views of the Uvarov circle. The greatest infl uence on Uvarov’s ideas was exerted by N. M. Karamzin; one can also talk about the infl uence of A. S. Shishkov and M. P. Pogodin. The article concludes that Orthodoxy was conceived by Uvarov as one of the Russian “national principles” that had been established throughout the entire previous history. The Orthodox Church in Russia was strong because it was the Church of the Russian people, the Orthodox faith became part of the national identity. However, the people themselves were brought up in the spirit of Orthodoxy, which became the guarantee of its correct development. As Uvarov believed, the Orthodox faith was distinguished by the certainty of doctrine and retained its intact appearance. Thanks to this, Orthodoxy had the ability to further spread in the crisis of the Christian world. In Orthodoxy, spiritual freedom was preserved, which Christianity possessed due to its divine nature. Uvarov believed that the rejection of Christian truths inevitably led to a world catastrophe.

Uvarov`s triad, theory of offi cial nationality, Orthodoxy, Orthodox Church, Ministry of Public Education, S. S. Uvarov, N. M. Karamzin, A. S. Shishkov, M. P. Pogodin, Nicholas I

1. Bezhanidze G. (2019) “Sviatitel’ Filaret Moskovskii i ideologiia nikolaevskogo tsarstvovaniia” [St. Philaret of Moscow and the ideology of Nicholas’ reign]. Filaretovskii al’manakh, 2019, 15, pp. 61–76 (in Russian).
2. Gajda F. (2018) ““Za Veru, Tsaria i Otechestvo”: k istorii proishozhdenij a znamenitogo rossiiskogo voinskogo deviza” [“For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland”: to the history of the origin of the famous Russian military motto]. Istoriia. Nauchnoe obozrenie, 4. Moscow, pp 5–9 (in Russian).
3. Gajda F. (2020) “Sviazuiushchee nachalo: o ponimanii “narodnosti” v Rossii 1-oi poloviny XIX v.” [The connecting element: On the understanding of “nationality” in Russia in the first half of the 19th century], in O.R. Airapetov et al. Russkii Sbornik: Issledovaniia po istorii Rossii, vol. XXIX. Moscow, pp. 100–116 (in Russian).
4. Shevchenko M. (2002) “Poniatie “teoriia ofi tsial’noi narodnosti” i izuchenie vnutrennei politiki imperatora Nikolaia I” [The concept of “the theory of offi cial nationality” and the study of the domestic policy of Emperor Nicholas I]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 8. Istoriia, 2002, vol. 4, pp. 89–104 (in Russian).
5. Shevchenko M. (2018) “S. S. Uvarov. Politicheskii portret” [S. S. Uvarov. Political portrait], Tetradi po konservatizmu: Al’manakh, 1, pp. 26–50 (in Russian).
6. Uspenskii B. “Russkaia intelligentsiia kak spetsifi cheskii fenomen russkoi kul’tury” [Russian intelligentsia as a specifi c phenomenon of Russian culture]. Rossiia, 20: Russkaia intelligentsiia i zapadnyi intellektualizm: Istoriia i tipologiia [Russian intelligentsia and Western intellectualism: History and typology]. Moscow, pp. 7 –20 (in Russian).
7. Whittaker C. (1999) Graf Sergei Semenovich Uvarov i ego vremia [Count Sergei Semenovich Uvarov and his time]. St Petersburg (in Russian).
8. Zhivov V. (2008) “Chuvstvitelnyi natsionalizm: Karamzin, Rostopchin, natsionalnyi suverenitet i poiski natsionalnoi identichnosti” [Sensitive nationalism: Karamzin, Rostopchin, nationalsovereignty and the search for national identity]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 3 (91), pp 114–140 (in Russian).
9. Zorin A. (2001) “Kormia dvuglavogo orla... Russkaia literatura i gosudarstvennaia ideologiia v poslednei treti XVIII — pervoi treti XIX veka [“Feeding the two-headed eagle...” Russian literature and state ideology in the last third of the XVIII — fi rst third of the XIX century]. Moscow (in Russian).

Gayda Fyodor

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

The history of the Orthodox periodical press in Russia, including the publications of the Holy Synod, dioceses, theological educational institutions, as well as the private press of church orientation, has not been fully investigated. Particularly interes ting in this regard is the case of the unrealised idea of the publication of Kolokol Dukhovny (“Spiritual Bell”), a newspaper by Aleksey Filippov. This case refers to a rather diffi cult period in the history of the church press at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article analyses of the prerequisites for Filippov’s appeal for permission to open his own newspaper. The research is based on archival materials from the collection of the Main Directorate for Press Aff airs, as well as from the manuscript fund of Sergey Rachinsky. The article examines the history of the emergence of such an idea by Filippov, the programme of the proposed newspaper, Filippov’s contacts with representatives of the state and the church: Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Sergey Rachinsky, Mikhail Solovyov, Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and other prominent persons. Particular attention is paid to Filippov’s peculiar views on the tasks of the press in general, on the problems of commercialisation and vulgarisation of mass newspapers, and on the “national question” in journalism. His inconsistency and certain hypocrisy in a number of issues are shown. It is concluded that there were no insurmountable obstacles to the resolution of the Kolokol Dukhovny (later Kolokol) in 1898–1899, but the general reluctance of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich to allow new newspapers in Moscow led to a negative response from the Main Directorate for Press Aff airs to Filippov’s petitions. At the same time, Filippov learnt lessons from this situation and later found ways to acquire of newspapers and journals.

church press, Main Directorate for Press Aff airs, Alexey Filippov, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Sergey Rachinsky, Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, Kolokol Dukhovny, Russkoe Obozrenie

1. Andreev G. (1998) Khristianskaia periodicheskaia pechat’ na russkom iazyke 1801–1917 gg. Bibliografi cheskii ukazatel’ [Christian periodicals in Russian, 1801–1917. Bibliographic index]. Vol. 2. New York (in Russian).
2. Firsov S. (2007) Tserkov’ v Imperii: Ocherki iz tserkovnoi istorii epokhi Imperatora Nikolaia II [Church in the empire: Essays from the church history of the epoch of Emperor Nicholas II]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
3. Medovarov M. (2018) A.F. Filippov kak redaktor i izdatel’ (1899–1914 gg.) [A.F. Filippov as an editor and publisher (1899–1914)], in Knizhnoe delo v Rossii v XIX — nachale XX veka: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Book business in Russia in the XIX — early XX centuries: Collection of articles], 19. St. Petersburg, pp. 238–244 (in Russian).
4. Medovarov M. (2020) Ischeznuvshii uchebnik Alekseia Filippova po istorii Rossii [Alexey Filippov’s lost textbook in Russian history]. Vestnik Mariiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriia “Istoricheskie nauki. Iuridicheskie nauki”, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 365–373 (in Russian).
5. Miasnikova G. (2012) “Bor’ba za trezvost’ na stranitsakh tserkovnoi pressy nachala XX veka” [The struggle for sobriety in the pages of the church press of the early 20th century]. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i iuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiia i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 9/2 (23), pp. 102–106 (in Russian).
6. Netuzhilov K. (2008) Tserkovnaia periodicheskaia pechat’ v Rossii XIX stoletiia [Church periodicals in Russia in the 19th century]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
7. Polunov A. (2010) K. P. Pobedonostsev v obshchestvenno-politicheskoi i dukhovnoi zhizni Rossii [K.P. Pobedonostsev in the socio-political and spiritual life of Russia]. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Sukhova N. (2009) Rev. of: Netuzhilov K.E. Tserkovnaia periodicheskaia pechat’ v Rossii XIX stoletiia. St. Petersburg, 2008. Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Sviato-Tikhonovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. Series I: Bogoslovie. Filosofiia, no. 1 (25), pp. 119–125 (in Russian).
9. Zhiliakova N. (2012) Pervye neosushchestvlennye proekty chastnykh gazet goroda Tomska (1860-e gody) [The first unrealised projects of private newspapers in the city of Tomsk (1860s)], in Informatsionnoe prostranstvo Tiumenskoi oblasti: sbornik nauchno-prakticheskikh rabot [Information space of Tyumen Region: Collection of articles]. Tyumen’, pp. 18–27 (in Russian).

Medovarov Maksim

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article examines the formation of Cheka’s policy towards the Orthodox Russian Church in December 1917 — November 1918. The main milestones in the rise of anti-church terror are traced. Drawing on a variety of sources, including archival documents made public for the fi rst time, the article describes the attempt by the Chekists to organise a political trial of Patriarch Tikhon and the church in early 1918, as well as preparations for the arrest of the Patriarch and members of the Local Council in September 1918. The article also shows the struggle in the Soviet ruling elite around the policy towards the church, the reasons that infl uenced its formation in the studied period. It is concluded that since the summer of 1918, the KGB repression against representatives of the Church began to acquire a large-scale character. By the autumn of 1918, the Cheka had apparently turned into the main body that carried out repression of the clergy and believers. From the end of May 1918, the Chekists began to think about the possibility of operational penetration into the environment of the clergy and about its split. However, the steps taken in this direction were not developed. The dominant method of infl uencing the church and believers remained repression and threats.

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, Cheka, Orthodox Church, Patriarch Tikhon, Local Council, red terror

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2. From the history of the Cheka. Collection of documents (1958). Moscow (in Russian).
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4. Krapivin M. (2014) “Arkady Antonov and the initial period of the formation of the policy of the Cheka in relation to the Orthodox Russian Church (spring-summer 1918)”. Bulletin of Church History, 3–4 (35–36), pp. 304–316 (in Russian).
5. K. Marx and F. Engels on atheism, religion and church (1986). Moscow (in Russian).
6. Leonov S.(2004) “The beginning of anti-church terror during the October Revolution”. Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon University for the Humanities. Ser. II, 6 (73), pp. 69–90 (in Russian).
7. Litvin A. (2004) Red and White Terror in Russia. 1918-1922. Moscow (in Russian).
8. Ratkovsky I. (2000) The Red Terror and the detail of the Cheka in 1918. St. Petersburg, 2006 (in Russian).
9. Investigative case of Patriarch Tikhon: Collection of documents based on the materials of the Central Archive of the FSB (2000). Moscow (in Russian).
10. Plekhanov A.A., Plekhanov A.M. (2007) F. E. Dzerzhinsky — Chairman of the Cheka-OGPU. 1917–1926. Moscow (in Russian).
11. Vinogradov V., Litvin A., Khristoforov V. (eds) Arkhiv VChK [VChK archive]. Moscow (in Russian).

Leonov Sergei

*According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.

The article is devoted to the decisions of the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) on May 7–9, 1946, concerning the principles of joining the representatives of the Belarusian Orthodox Metropolia in the Diaspora. Formed during the German occupation, the Belarusian Orthodox Metropolia, after the evacuation of the episcopate and individual clergy, carried out its activities on the territory of Western Europe. Having made the decision to transfer to the jurisdiction of the ROCOR, the Belarusian hierarchs for several months hid their plans from their compatriots. During the work of the Council of Bishops on May 7–9, 1946, the decision was made to accept the episcopate of the Metropolia under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, with the exception of the former Bishop of Roslavl Pavel (Melentyev). This bishop was suspected of preparing for the transition to the Roman Catholic Church. Assuring the meeting participants that there were no such plans, he refused to confi rm his words with written evidence. Fearing repatriation to the USSR, Bishop Pavel ultimately refused to go to the Russian Church Abroad and soon converted to Catholicism. Contrary to the insistent recommendations of the Belarusian episcopate, Metropolitan Anastasy (Gribanovsky), who presided over the Council of Bishops, refused to establish a Belarusian church structure as part of the ROCOR. He argued about that the inadmissibility of applying the national principle in organising the system of church government. This decision led to the termination of the activities of the Belarusian Metropolia in the Diaspora, which caused a wide negative resonance and entailed a church schism among the Belarusian Diaspora. On the initiative and with the active participation of the Council of the Belarusian People’s Republic, which positioned itself as the Belarusian government in exile, the structures of the Belarusian Metropolia were restored, focused on establishing the principles of Belarusian autocephaly. An attempt made in 1949 to declare the preservation of the Belarusian Metropolis within the ROCOR did not lead to overcoming the Belarusian church schism.

Belarusian Orthodox Metropolia, Belarusian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, Diaspora, ROCOR Bishops’ Council of 1946, Metropolitan Anastasy (Gribanovsky), Belarusian autocephaly, schism

1. Athanasius, archbishop (2005) “Na nive Khrystovai: u piatsidzesiatyia wgodki s»viatarstva. 1928–1978. Uspaminy” [In the field of Christ: the fiftieth anniversary of the priesthood. 1928–1978. Memoirs]. New York; Minsk; Warsaw (in Belarusian).
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Slesarev Alexander

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The history of forming the totally new politicy by John Paul II makes up the content of the article. This politicy is oriented towards non-democratic regimes and it has changed the regional “eastern policy of Vatican” into a global one. The basis of the article is constituted by the two texts, i.e. a newly discovered text of the speech (for a restricted audience) of John Paul II addressed to the Main Council of the Episcopate of Poland (05.06.1979) and the text of the Pope’s public sermon in the Cathedral in Gniezno (03.06.1979). We also used memoirs about private conversations of the Pope with statesmen and public fi gures about the liberation theology. The article draws attention to the coordination of the politics of John Paul II in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe with his politics in Latin America. Without refusing to maintain diplomatic contacts with non-democratic regimes, the Pope shifted the focus of his policy to strengthening the positions of national episcopates and activating the spiritual life of believers in these countries. To this end, John Paul II made extensive use of pastoral messages, pastoral visits, and the media. In terms of the formation of his policy, the most influential were three trips of the new Pope: to Mexico, to Poland, and to the USA. All of them took place in 1979.

A. Casaroli, John Paul II, A. Grajewski, M. Napolitano, G. Márquez, O. Romero, R. Buttiglione, A. Boniecki, J. Carter, J. Gawronski, Z. Brzezinsky, liberation theology, Slavs, Greek Catholics, “Spiritual Unity of Europe”, “Great Christian Tradition of the East”, new ecumenism

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6. Domoslawski Artur (2011) “Jan Paweł II i jego relacje z kapitalizmem” // URL: https: //www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1515672,1,jan-pawel-ii-i-jego-relacje-z-kapitalizmem.read (26.02.2021)).
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8. Filippov B. (2017) “Kardinal Stefan Wyszynski — iniciator i kritik “wostochnoj politiki” Watikana. 1958–1978” [Cardinal Wyszynski, initiator and critic of Vatican’s “Eastern Policy”, 1958–1978]. Gosudarstvo, Religiia, Tserkov’ v Rossii i za Rubezhom, vol. 35, pp. 98–122 (in Russian).
9. Filippov B. (2015) “O wolne duchownogo naprjazenij a konca 60-h gg. XX v. — naczala XXI v.” [On the wave of spiritual tension of the late 1960s — the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century]. Vestnik PSTGU. Seriia I, vol. 5 (61), pp. 112–130 (in Russian).
10. Filippov B. (1998) “Papy i problemy praw cheloweka” [Popes and the issues of Human Rights] in Prawoslawie i katolichestwo. Socialnye aspekty [Orthodoxy and Catholicism: Social aspects]. Moscow, pp. 202–222. (in Russian).
11. Filippov B. (2013). “Legko li byt papoj-slawjaninom?” [“Is it easy to be a Slavic Pope?”] in: John Paul II. Poland. Politics. Moscow, pp. 96–105 (in Russian).
12. Friszke Andrzej (2011) “Papież miał ogromny wpływ na solidarnościową rewolucję”. URL: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/friszke-papiez-mial-ogromny-wplyw-na-solidarnosciowarewolucje (09.11.2017).
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14. Greene Graham (1995) The Power and the Glory. Moscow (Russian translation 1995).
15. Giovanni Paolo II (1993) L’unita multiforme: Oriente e Occidente nella riflessione di Giovanni Paolo II. Milan, Moscow (Russian translation).
16. Ikonowicz Miroslaw (2014) “Podróżując z Janem Pawłem II....”. URL: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/podrozujac-z-janem-pawlem-ii (03.02.2021).
17. Ikonowicz Miroslaw (2018) “Pielgrzym” // URL: https://dzieje.pl/content/pielgrzym (02.02.2021).
18. Kowal Pawel (2018) “Polityka wschodnia Jana Pawła II”. URL: http://wiez.com.pl/2018/04/03/polityka-wschodnia-jana-pawla-ii/ (17.05.2019).
19. Kovalski N. A. (2002) “Giovanni XXIII e il suo posto nella politika mondiale” in: Giovanni XXIII: un testimone cristiano fra ecumenismo e coesistenza. Moscow pp. 246–260 (Russian translation).
20. Krims Adalbert (1983) Wojtyla. Politik und Programm des Papstes Moscow (Russian translation).
21. Martin Malachi (1982) The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church. London.
22. Massot Dolors (2018) “Gabriel García Márquez i Jan Paweł II rozmawiali o św. Janie od Krzyża!”. URL: https://pl.aleteia.org/2018/04/02/gabriel-garcia-marquez-i-jan-pawel-ii-rozmawiali-o-sw-janie-od-krzyza/ (24.02.2020).
23. “Mexika” // Katolicheskaja encyklopedija [The Catholic Encyclopedia], vol. III, pp. 291–298 (in Russian).
24. Napolitano Matteo Luigi (2012) “The Vatican Files. La diplomazia della Chiesa. Documenti e segreti”. Cinisello Balsamo.
25. Oleksy Krzysztof (2011) “Jan Paweł II — Papież praw człowieka” in: Dialog kultur, cywilizacji i religii. Bydgoszcz, pp.146–156.
26. Raina Peter (1995) “Arcybiskup Dąbrowski — rozmowy watykańskie”. Warszawa, 1995.
27. Raina Peter (1996) “Kościół w PRL. Kościół katolicki a państwo w świetle dokumentów 1945–1989 r.”. Poznań.
28. Raina Peter (1997) “Wizyty Jana Pawła II w Polsce”. Warszawa.
29. Rędzioch Wlodzimierz (2013) “Jan Paweł II, Franciszek a teologia wyzwolenia. Z prof. Rocco Buttiglione rozmawial Wlodzimierz Rędzioch” in: Niedziela Ogólnopolska. №27, pp. 4–5.
30. Rojek Iwona (2013) “Słynny włoski dziennikarz, Jaś Gawroński o Janie Pawle II: — Wydawało się, że był bardziej za komunizmem niż za kapitalizmem” // URL: https://echodnia.eu/swietokrzyskie/slynny-wloski-dziennikarz-jas-gawronski-o-janie-pawle-ii-wydawalo-sie-zebyl-bardziej-za-komunizmem-niz-za-kapitalizmem/ar/8660947 (08.07.2016).
31. Santini Alceste (1979). “L’”Ostpolitik’ Vaticana dopo il viaggio in Polonia di Giovanni Paolo II”. Critica marxista, 1979, № 4, pp. 79–88.
32. Szulc Tad (1995). “Pope John Paul II: The Biography”. New York, London.
33. “Sprawy, które toczą się w Polsce mają znaczenie światowe”. Niepublikowane przemówienie Jana Pawła II do Rady Głównej Episkopatu Polski, Jasna Góra, 5 czerwca 1979 r. Jasna Góra, 2019.
34. Taylor Myron (ed.) (1947). Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII. New York.
35. “Teologia wyzwolenia” // URL: https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/teologia-wyzwolenia;3986495.html (13.09.2020).
36. Uzlaner Dmitry (2008) “Stanowlenie neoklassicheskoj modeli sekularyzacji w zapadnoj socjologii wtoroj polowiny XX wieka” [“The formation of the neoclassical model of secularization in the western sociology of religion in the second half of the 20 lh century” ] in: Religiovedenie, 2008, № 2, pp. 135–148 (in Russian).
37. Vigil Maria Lopez (2005) “Diálogo entre monseñor Oscar Arnulfo Romero y el Papa Juan Pablo II”. URL: https://rebelion.org/dialogo-entre-monsenor-oscar-arnulfo-romero-y-el-papajuan-pablo-ii/ (19.04.2021).
38. Weigel George (2016) “The Ostpolitik Failed. Get over it”. URL: https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2016/07/the-ostpolitik-failed-get-over-it (14.10.2020).
39. Weigel George (2001) Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II, vol. 1. Moscow (Russian translation).
40. Zakrzewicz Agnieszka (2013) “Wojtyła ukryty — rozmowa z Giacomem Galeazzim”. URL: https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/wojtyla-ukryty-rozmowa-giacomem-galeazzim/ (12.08.2020).

Filippov Boris

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article analyses church-related and historical publications of the Ukrainian Diaspora dedicated to the celebration of the “Millennium of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine”. These publications were of great importance for the formation of the worldview of scientists in the Ukraine in the conditions of the fall of the ideological barrier and the formation of an independent state. The author draws attention to the acute polemical orientation in the works of Diaspora historians. This orientation is only sometimes balanced by an objective scientifi c approach. The article examines the mental stereotypes of authors from the Diaspora, formed in the conditions of life outside the homeland, which result in historical myths. The emphasis on tolerance and overcoming confessional borders for the benefi t of the people and the national idea is characteristic. The author also draws attention to the peculiarities of the methodology used by historians from the Ukrainian Diaspora in assessing historical facts. The emphasis on the national idea devalues the sacred space of the Church in the eyes of Diaspora historians. The Church becomes the “spiritual property of the people”. Based on the analysis of the presented literature, it is concluded that the axiological antithesis of “own” (“Ukrainian”) and “hostile” (“Russian”) is formed.

Millennium of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine, Ukrainian Diaspora, nationalism, church history, historiography, Kievan Metropolitanate, Orthodoxy

1. Bilaniuk P. B. T. (1988/1989) “Apostolske pokhodzhennia Ukrainskoi Tserkvy” [Apostolic origin of the Ukrainian Church] in Yuvіlejnij zbіrnik pracz` Naukovogo Kongresu u 1000-lіttya Hrishhennya Rusi-Ukraini [Jubilee collection of works of the Scientifi c Congress on the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Munich, pp. 61–73 (in Ukrainian).
2. Baran O. (1991) “Prychyny pryiniattia khrystyianstva Volodymyrom Velykym” [Reasons for the adoption of Christianity by Vladimir The Great] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 35–42 (in Ukrainian).
3. Burko D. (1988) Ukrainska avtokefalna Pravoslavna Tserkva — vichne dzherelo zhyttia [The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is an eternal source of life]. South Bavnd Brook (in Ukrainian).
4. Drokonova O. (2017) “Nacional’naya istoriya na eksport: ukrainskij opyt” [National history for export: Ukrainian experience]. Vestnik NVGU. 2017, vol. 2, pp. 91–100 (in Russian).
5. Florya B. (2004) U istokov religioznogo raskola slavyanskogo mira (ХIII v.) [At the origins of the religious schism of the Slavic world (XIII century)]. St. Petersburg (in Russian).
6. Holovinskyi I. (1986) “Vplyv khrystyianstva na formuvannia ukrainskoi psykhiky” [The influence of Christianity on the formation of the Ukrainian psyche], in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 107–144 (in Ukrainian).
7. Kalakura Ya. S. (2004) Ukrainska istoriohrafiia: Kurs lektsii [Ukrainian historiography: a course of lectures]. Kiev (in Ukrainian).
8. Kachor A. (1991) “Rolia dukhovenstva i Tserkvy v ekonomichnomu vidrodzhenni Zakhidnoi Ukrainy” [The role of clergy and the church in the economic revival of Western Ukraine] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 91–124 (in Ukrainian).
9. Korchmarchyk B. (1986) “Khrystyianizatsiia Yevropeiskoho Skhodu” [Christianization of the European East] in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 55–66 (in Ukrainian).
10. Kosyk V. (1988/1989) “Mizhnarodni vzaiemyny Ukrainy-Rusy vid IX do XIV st.” [International relations of Ukraine-Rus from the IX to the XIV centuries] in Yuvіlejnij zbіrnik pracz` Naukovogo Kongresu u 1000-lіttya Hrishhennya Rusi-Ukraini [Jubilee collection of works of the Scientific Congress on the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Munich, pp. 38–60 (in Ukrainian).
11. Kosyk V. (1987) Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini (988–1988) [Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine (988-1988)]. Brussels; London (in Ukrainian).
12. Kostromin K. (2010) “Razdelenie cerkvej v kontekste vzaimootnoshenij Kievskoj Rusi s Zapadnoj Evropoj vo vtoroj polovine ХІ v.” [The division of churches in the context of the relationship of Kievan Rus with Western Europe in the second half of the 11th century]. St. Petersburg State University Bulletin, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 85–89 (in Russian).
13. Kushnir B. (1986) “Pochatky muzychnoi kultury Ukrainy” [The Beginning of musical culture of Ukraine] in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 97–106 (in Ukrainian).
14. Laslo-Kutsiuk M. (1991) “Shevchenkovi nasliduvannia prorokiv” [Shevchenko’s imitation of the prophets] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 133–154 (in Ukrainian).
15. Lastovskyi V. (2008) Mizh suspilstvom i derzhavoiu. Pravoslavna tserkva v Ukraini naprykintsi XVII — u XVIII st. v istorii ta istoriohrafii [Between society and the state. The Orthodox Church in Ukraine at the end of the XVII–XVIII centuries in history and historiography]. Kiev (in Ukrainian).
16. Liubachivskyi, kardynal, blazhennishyi otets Myroslav Ivan (1986) Chy spravdi bulo khryshchennia Rosii 988 roku? [Was there really a baptism in 988?]. Rome; Munich (in Ukrainian).
17. Ohiienko I. (1991) “Tserkva pid monholamy v ХІІІ–ХIV st.” [The Church under the Mongols in the XIII–XIV centuries] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 55–78 (in Ukrainian).
18. Padokh Ya. (1988/1989) “Tserkva y derzhava v dobi Hetmanshchyny” [Church and state in the era of Hetmanate], in Yuvіlejnij zbіrnik pracz` Naukovogo Kongresu u 1000-lіttya Hrishhennya Rusi-Ukraini [Jubilee collection of works of the Scientific Congress on the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Munich, pp. 706–731 (in Ukrainian).
19. Patrylo I., Balyk B. (1988/1989) “Khrystyianski rysy kn. Volodymyra Velykoho” [Christian features of Prince Vladimir the Great] in Yuvіlejnij zbіrnik pracz` Naukovogo Kongresu u 1000-lіttya Hrishhennya Rusi-Ukraini [Jubilee collection of works of the Scientific Congress on the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Munich, pp. 1–37 (in Ukrainian).
20. Pekar A. (1991) “Tserkovna polityka madiariv na Zakarpatti” [Church policy of Magyars in Transcarpathia], in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 79–90 (in Ukrainian).
21. Ramm B. (1959) Papstvo i Rus’ v Х–ХV vekah [Papacy and Russia in the X–XV centuries]. Moscow; Leningrad (in Russian).
22. Rychka V. (1991) “Yuvileinyi zbirnyk prats Naukovoho Konhresu u 1000-littia Khryshchennia Rusy-Ukrainy. Miunkhen, 1988/1989” [Jubilee collection of works of the Scientifi c Congress in the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus-Ukraine. Munich, 1988/1989]. Ukrainian historical journal, vol. 12, pp. 149–151 (in Ukrainian).
23. Rozumnyi Ya. (1991) “«Moskaleva krynytsia» okom ironii” [“Moskaleva Krinitsa” with the eye of irony] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 155–174 (in Ukrainian).
24. Savaryn P. (1986) “Peredmova” [Preface], in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 5–8 (in Ukrainian).
25. Stakhiv M. (1985) Khrystova Tserkva v Ukraini 988–1596. Narys istorii Ukrainskoi Katolytskoi Tserkvy ta analiza skhreshchuvannia v nii interesiv Rymu, Tsarhorodu, Varshavy y Moskvy v natsionalno-politychnomu aspekti [The Church of Christ in Ukraine 988-1596. An essay on the history of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and an analysis of the interbreeding of the interests of Rome, Constantinople, Warsaw and Moscow in the national and political aspect]. Stamford, Connecticut (in Ukrainian).
26. Udod H. (1986) “Shcho dalo khrystyianstvo Ukraini za pershe tysiacholittia?” [What did Christianity give to the Ukraine in the fi rst millennium?] in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 114–121 (in Ukrainian).
27. Vasylenko-Polonska N. (1986) “Olha: Liudyna — Volodarka — Khrystyianka”, in Khrestomatiia Tysiacholittia Khreshchennia Rusy Ukrainy [Anthology of the Millennium of The Baptism of Rus-Ukraine], Philadelphia; Toronto, pp. 46–54 (in Ukrainian).
28. Zhyla V. (1991) “Khrystyianski motyvy v ukrainsko-kanadskii poezii” [Christian motifs in Ukrainian-Canadian poetry] in O. Baran, O. Gerus (eds) Zbirnyk Tysiacholittia khrystyianstva v Ukraini. 988–1988 [Collection of the Millennium of Christianity in Ukraine. 988–1988], Winnipeg, pp. 211–226 (in Ukrainian).

Savchuk Ruslan, priest

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

This article aims to show the existence of stable ties between the Metropolitanate of Philadelphia of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Russian Orthodox Church at the end of the 16th century. Last but not least, the establishment of these contacts was facilitated by the active position of the ruling bishop of the metropolis. In addition, texts belonging to the pen of two theologians and clergymen who were directly related to Russia and the Russian Church — Jesuit Antonio Possevino and Metropolitan Gavriil Sevir of Philadelphia — are being introduced into scientifi c circulation. Both of them, Catholic and Orthodox, each from their own point of view, appreciated the faith and rituals of the Orthodox Church. The fi nal chapter of the treatise “Muscovy” by A. Possevino informs us about what views he had on religion in the Moscow state, representing a certain list of doctrinal “mistakes” of the Russians, which Metropolitan Gabriel chose to defend. His letter, being an apology for the whole of Orthodoxy, primarily defends the Russian Church, against which the “capita” of the Jesuit were directed. Finally, the latter’s answer is interesting not so much from the theological point of view. It, like Gabriel’s message, is valuable as an illustrative example of principled but respectful discussion. Of course, this does not exclude the fact that each tried to achieve his goal and to some extent dull the opponent’s vigilance. The metropolitan’s genuine attitude to Possevino is demonstrated, for example, by the remark published below in the preface to the later edition of one of his works. All this makes the documents, first published in Russian, important sources for the history of the Roman Catholic, Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches.

Metropolitan Gavriil Sevir, Antonio Possevino, “Moscovia”, Ruthenes, Roman Catholic Church, Supreme Pontiff , Eastern Catholic Church

1. Apostolopoulos D. G. (ed.) (2004) Gavriil Seviros, mitropolitis Filadelfeias sti Venetia kai i epochi tou: Praktika Imeridas afi eromenis sti mnimi tou Manousou Manousaka [Gavriil Seviros, Metropolitan of Philadelphia in Venice and his time: Proceedings of the day dedicated to the memory of Manousu Manousaka (Venice, 26 Sept. 2003] in Venetia, 26 Septemvriou 2003. Venice: Institute of byzantine and post-byzantine studies (in Greek).
2. Blanchet Marie-Hélène (2008) Georges-Gennadios Scholarios (vers 1400 — vers 1472). Un intellectuel orthodoxe face à la disparition de l’Empire byzantine. Paris: Éditions de l’Institut Français d’Études Byzantines (Archives de l’Orient chrétien, 20).
3. Dimitrakopoulos Th. (2007) Arsenios Elassonos (1550–1626). Vios ke ergo. Apomnimonevmata. Symvoli sti meleti ton metavyzantinon logion tis Anatolis [Arsenios of Elassona (1550–1626). Life and works. Contribution to study of the post-Byzantine scientists of the East]. Athens: Parusia (in Greek).
4. Haldeakis A. (2010) “Iosif (ok. 1429–1500), greko-katolich. ep. Mefonskij, grech. bogoslov, melurg, muz. teoretik” [“Joseph (ca. 1429–1500) Greek Catholic Bishop of Methone, Greek theologian, melurgus, music theorist], in Pravoslavnaja Encyclopedia [Orthodox Encyclopaedia], vol. ΧΧV, Moscow, p. 610 (in Russian).
5. Hofmann Georg (1949) “Briefwechsel zwischen Gabriel Severos und Anton Possevino S. I.”. Orientalia Christiana Periodica, 1949, № 15, pp. 418–434.
6. Kalogirou I. (1972) “I enkathidrysis ellinos archiepiskopou is Venetian kata ta teli tu XVI eonos” [The arrival of the Orthodox archbishop in Venice at the end of the 16th century], in Atti del convegno storico interecclesiale (Bari 30 aprile-4 maggio 1969), vol. I, Padova: Antenore, pp. 89–131 (in Greek).
7. Makarij (Veretennikov), arhim. (2018) “Pervyj patriarh Iov i ego vremja” [The fi rst patriarch Job and his time]. Vestnik Ekaterinburgskoj duhovnoj seminarii, 2018, vol. 1 (21), pp. 11–170 (in Russian).
8. Manoussacas Manussas (1972) “La comunità greca di Venezia e gli arcivescovi di Filadelfia”, in Atti del convegno storico interecclesiale (Bari 30 aprile — 4 maggio 1969), vol. I, Padova: Antenore, pp. 45-87.
9. Mund S. (2004) “La mission diplomatique du père Antonio Possevino (S.mJ.) chez Ivan le Terrible en 1581–1582 et les premiers écrits jésuites sur la Russie moscovite à la fi n du XVIe siècle”. Cahiers du Monde russe, 2004, vol. 45, No. 3/4, pp. 407–439.
10. P. V. K. (2005) “Gavriil Sevir (ok. 1540/41 — 21 okt. 1616, Lesina, sovr. Hvar, Horvatij a), tituljarnyj mitr. Filadel’fii Lidijskoj” [Gabriele Seviros (ok. 1540/41 — 21 okt. 1616, Lesina, act. Hvar, Croatia), Titular Metropolitan of Philadelphia of Lydia]. in Pravoslavnaja Encyclopedia [Orthodox Encyclopaedia], vol. Χ, Moscow, pp. 246–247 (in Russian).
11. Pippidi Andrei (2002) “De Janina a Venise: fortune et fortune politique”. Revue des études sudest européennes, 2002, vol. XL, nο. 1–4, pp. 195–202.
12. Porfirij (Uspenskij), bishop (2010) Kniga bytija moego. Dnevniki i avtobiografi cheskie zapiski episkopa Porfirija (Uspenskogo) 1841–1885 g. [Book of my life. Diaries and autobiographical notes of Bishop Porfiry (Uspensky), 1841–1885]. Moscow: Indrik (in Russian).
13. Godovikova Lydia N. (ed.) (1983) Possevino A. “Istoricheskie sochinenija o Rossii XVI v. [Historical writings about Russia of XVI century]. Moscow: Moscow State University press (in Russian).
14. Scaduto M. (1980) “La missione del nunzio. Due memoriali di Possevino ambasciatore, 1581–1582”. Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1980, vol. 97, anno XLIX, Roma, pp. 135–161.
15. Yasіnovs’kij Andrij (2010) “Mitropolit Fіladel’fіjs’kij Gavriil Sevіr: zhittja і lіteraturna tvorchіst’” [Metropolitan of Philadelphia Gabriel Sevir: Life and literary work]. Naukovі zapiski UKU, 2010, part 2: History, iss. 1, pp. 11–34 (in Ukrainian).
16. Yastrebov Alexey O., archpriest (2017) ““Byt’ edinymi v duhe, pust’ mnogie iz nas i rassejany po licu zemli”: pis’mo arhiepiskopa Arsenija Jelassonskogo mitropolitu Gavriilu Seviru”[“To be one in spirit even though we are scattered across the earth”: Letter from Archbishop Arseny of Elassona to Metropolitan Gabriel Sevir]. Cerkov’ i, 2017, no. 1 (78), pp. 185–195 (in Russian).
17. Yastrebov Alexey O. (2021) “Mitropolit Filadel’fi jskij Gavriil, Paolo Sarpi i proekt “Cerkvi Venecii”” [Metropolitan of Philadelphia Gabriel, Paolo Sarpi and the project of the “Church of Venice”]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, ser. History, Filology, 2021, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 21–35 (in Russian).
18. Zajcev D. V. (2009) “Illirik” [“Illyricum”], in Pravoslavnaja Encyclopedia [Orthodox Encyclopaedia], vol. ΧΧΙΙ. Moscow, pp. 320–322 (in Russian).
19. Zheltov Mikhail S. “Apostol’skie postanovlenij a” [Apostolic decrees], in Pravoslavnaja Encyclopedia [Orthodox Encyclopaedia], vol. III, Moscow, pp. 113-119 (in Russian).

Yastrebov Alexey, archpriest

*According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.

The article is devoted to the Chervinsky copy of the Chronicle of Soligalichs Resurrection Monastery, which was described and explored by the author in 2019 during the work of the expedition of the Archeographic Laboratory of Moscow State University in Kostroma. It off ers the fi rst scientifi c publication of this literary monument. The Cherevinsky copy is the third oldest copy after the known ones of the second version of the Chronicle. The manuscript consists of two parts written by different scribes. The fi rst dates back to 1662–63, the second to no later than the last quarter of the 17th century. The introductory article argues that the text of the copy occupies an intermediate position in the classifi cation of the manuscript tradition of the monument formulated by S.A. Semyachko. The text of the fi rst part can go back to the protograph or to the non-preserved version of the monument. The articles of the 15th century coincide with the second version of the Chronicle. Additional articles of XVII century (7162, 7167, 7171–7172) can probably be fi rst written in the Chervinsky copy. A comparison of the chronicles of this manuscript allows one to conclude that it goes back to the protograph and the second version of the Chronicle. Probably, this copy influenced the developing of the Chronicle’s variants of the last quarter of the XVII and early XIX centuries.

Soligalich Resurrection Monastery, Soligalich, Chronicle, Chervinsky copy, archeography, manuscript tradition, 17th century

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