St. Tikhon’s University Review . Series I: Theology. Philosophy. Religious Studies

The article continues the accomplishment of methodological support for the basic theological sciences initiated in recent publications of Vestnik of St Tikhon’s University concerning a systematization of the encyclopedia of theological sciences and its components. The precedents of such kind of systematization go to the epoch of the “historical turn” in German Protestantism at the beginning of the 19th century and to the works of Fr. Schleiermacher in particular. Yet during that time the general rubrics of theological knowledge were sorted out: philosophical, historical and practical theology, as well as some incoming special disciplines: apologetics and polemics, history of theology and history of the Church, systematical and Biblical theology, homiletics and catechism, liturgical and Church ministry. The author accentuates that all different theological disciplines could fruitfully develop only in close interaction observing particular competences of each other. In the case of advancement of one theological discourse to the dominating role, the inner confl icts are inevitable as well as unsolvable diffi culties in its application. The project of a reform of theological knowledge proposed by professor of Moscow Spiritual Academy M. Tareev in 1916–1917 clearly demonstrates fatal abuses following the usurpation of a leader position by single division of theological knowledge. Special attention is paid to one general rubric ― historical theology: author tries to propose its substantial definition, variants of its inner disciplinary fulfilling, historical survey of its development (16–21th cc.) as well as formulating of its general postulates, principles and goals.

theological methodology, philosophical theology, historical theology, F. Schleiermacher, M. Tareev, history of theology, history of dogmas, history of doctrines, history of the Church

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4. Suhova N. Ju. 2013 “«Istoriko-bogoslovskaja revoljucija» v vysshej duhovnoj shkole Rossii” (“Historical-Theological Revolution” in High Spiritual School of Russia), in Filaretovskij al'manah, 2013, vol. 9, pp. 135–169.
5. Tareev M. M. 1908 “Hristianskaja svoboda” (Christian Freedom), in On zhe. Osnovy hristianstva, Sergiev Posad, 1908, vol. 4.
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8. Florovskij G. V. Puti russkogo bogoslovija (Ways of Russian Theology), Paris, 1937.
9. Shohin V. K. 2011 “Novoe vvedenie v filosofskuju teologiju” (New Introduction in Philosophical Theology), in Jevans Ch. S., Mjenis R. Z. Filosofija religii: razmyshlenie o vere, Moscow, 2011, pp. 11–13.
10. Shohin V. K. 2010–2011 “Filosofija religii i raznovidnosti racional'noj teologii” (Religion Philosophy and Sorts of Rational Theology), in Filosofija religii: Al'manah, 2010–2011, pp. 15–30.
11. Shohin V. K. 2014 “Filosofskaja teologija i osnovnoe bogoslovie” (Philosophical Theology and Fundamental Theology), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija 1: Bogoslovie. Filosofija, 2014, vol. 1/51, pp. 57–79.
12. Shohin V. K. 2014 “Filosofskaja teologija i biblejskaja germenevtika: diskurs o poststrukturalistskom vyzove” (Philosophical Theology and Bible Hermeneutics: Discourse about Poststructional Challenge), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija 1: Bogoslovie. Filosofija, 2014, vol. 6/56, pp. 41–51.
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20. McGrath A. E. Historical Theology. An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought, Oxford, 1998.
21. Oehler K. 1969 “Der consensus omnium als Kriterium der Wahrheit in der antiken Philosophie und Patristik“, in Idem. Antike und Abendland, München, 1969, pp. 234–271.
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23. Pelikan J. The Christian Tradition: A History оf the Development of Doctrine, Chicago, 1971–1989, vol. 1–5.
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Mikhailov Petr

The traditional view on the chronology of the Corpus Platonicum (CP) texts turns out to be anachronistic from several, especially formal and historical, points of view. From the formal point of view all the CP texts can be divided into speeches, framed dialogues and dialogues in dramatic form; there are serious reasons for correlating these groups of dialogues with different chronological periods. Historically, to view Plato’s works as modern philosophical and scholarly literature is incorrect; instead, it would seem expedient to correlate the three groups of dialogues mentioned with their changing audiences for which Plato wrote before the establishment of the Academy, during the first stage of its existence (before the second trip to Sicily) and in the later period. The evolution of Plato’s philosophy is to be correlated with the evolution of the school created by him. Lack of attention to these methods can lead to incorrect assumptions concerning Plato’s evolution which found their way, among others, into the book “Plato and the Post-Socratic Dialogue” by Prof. Ch. Kahn where he speaks of a transition from Socratic to Pre-Socratic problems in Plato’s works; the book is critically examined by the author of the present article.

Plato, Corpus Platonicum, “Socratic” dialogues, early dialogues, middle dialogues, late dialogues, chronology of Plato, Charles Kahn

1. Shichalin Ju. A. 2012 “Sokrat-pifagoreec — izobretenie Platona?” (Socrates-Pythagorian — Invention of Plato?), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija I: Bogoslovie. Filosofija, 2012, vol. 3/41, pp. 71–86.
2. Shichalin Ju. A. 2013 “Zametki k Platonovym Apologii, Meneksenu i Piru” (Notices to Plato’s Apology, Menexenes and Feast), in Materialy mezhdunarodnoj konferencii «Platon i platonizm v evropejskoj kul'ture», Moscow, 2013, pp. 117–140.
3. Düring I. 1968 “Aristoteles”, in PWRE, Stuttgart, 1968, vol. XI.
4. Kahn H. Ch. Plato and the Socratic dialogues: The Philosophical Use of Literary Form, New York, 1996.
5 Kahn H. Ch. 2002 “On Platonic Chronology”, in Annas J., Rowe Ch. (eds.) New Perspectives on Plato, Modern and Ancient, Cambridge (Mass.), 2002, pp. 93–128.
6. Kahn H. Ch. Plato and the Post-Socratic Dialogues. The Return to the Philosophy of Nature, New York, 2013.
7. Robinson R. Plato’s Earlier Dialectic, Oxford, 1953.
8. Thesleff H. Studies in Platonic Chronology, Helsinki, 1982.

Shichalin Iurii

The article deals with the problem of the anthropology of art in the aesthetical views of the the Russian religious thinker and literary critic Vladimir Veidle (1895-1979). According to Veidle, art has a sacred reason for its existence and is rooted in religious cult. Human activities in the field of aesthetics follow two directions: that of co-operation of the artist with the Creator, i. e. his participation in the creation of the language of culture, and that of his collaboration with other participants in the aesthetic process. As Veidle writes, the artist’s creative work always presupposes his appeal to the Other and direct participation of this Other in the creation of a work of art, the creation in which its author plays the role of just one of the many participants. The real author receives its embodiment in the linguistic forms of the artistic style which, according to Veidle’s definition, is the deep motivation of art. The secularization of culture has entailed disintegration of artistic style which, in turn, has caused the atomization of the author and the expulsion of art from man’s living space. The crisis of the European culture diagnosed by Veidle constitutes a part of the humanitarian catastrophe undergone by the world in the 20^th century. The article discusses the problems of artistic style, authorship, the “dying” of art and the uniqueness of a work of art. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the anthropological constituent of Veidle’s literary poetics.

artistic style, crisis of culture, imagination, anthropology of art, authorship, V. Veidle

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4. Varaev M., svjashh. 2012 “Problema hudozhestvennogo vymysla v religioznoj jestetike Vladimira Vejdle” (Problem of Art Invention in Religious Esthetics of Vladimir Veidle), in Vestnik PSTGU. Serija I: Bogoslovie. Filosofija, 2012, vol. 5/43, pp. 57–68.
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7. Fuko M. Volja k istine po tu storonu znanija, vlasti i seksual'nosti (Will to Truth on That Side of Knowledge, Power and Sexuality), Moscow, 1996.
8. Trachtenberg M. 2001 “Architecture and Music Reunited: A New Reading of Dufay’s Nuper rosarum flores and the Cathedral of Florence”, in Renaissance Quarterly, 2001, vol. 3, pp. 740–775.

Varaev Maksim

The article analyzes the Qur’anic concepts of the structure of human being (descriptive religious anthropology). Qur’anic anthropology includes primarily elements such as «[carnal] soul» ( nafs ), «heart» ( qalb ) and «spirit» ( ruh ). In addition to the «heart» ( qalb ), we can talk about its various aspects, called «breast» ( sadr ), «atrium» or «inner heart» ( fu’ad ), «secret heart» ( sirr ) and the «core [of heart]» (libb). The subject of the present article is the concept of «breast» ( sadr ) in the Qur’an and its development in a sequence of motifs, such as: the breast as a universal concept (1); the correlation between “breast” ( sadr ) and “heart” ( qalb ), including, for example, the motif «heart - stone» (2); «that which is in the breast» (3); «expansion» and «concealment of the breast” (4); hamartiological (5) and soteriological (6) motifs.

Qur’an, Islam, religious anthropology, islamic anthropology, qur’anic anthropology, hamartiology, soteriology

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12. Baig N. Theology of the Heart and Spiritual Care — Reflections from an Islamic Perspective, in http://ikstudiecenter.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Theology-of-the-heart-andspiritual-care.pdf) (Date: 17.02.2015.
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Kostylev Pavel

The article discusses the history of the controversy regarding the historicity of Jesus Christ in the academic literature of the Soviet period. It summarizes the position of the classics of Marxism-Leninism on the issue, which for many decades served for scientists as «starting point» in their studies. The article outlines the main work of Soviet religious scholars, historians and philologists, engaged in the research of the New Testament. It presents the basic arguments for and against a real earthly existence of Jesus Christ. It identifies the major milestones in the development of this issue throughout the Soviet period: the period from 20’s, which is characterized by the dominance of the ideas of the so-called «Mythological school» and tough anti-religious propaganda; the period from the late 50’s to early 80’s, when the mythological nature of Jesus was questioned; and the third period, which began in the late 80s, and which is marked the transition of Soviet (and later Russian) New Testament studies in the context of a new paradigm that recognizes the fact of the historical existence of Jesus Christ as self-evident. The article also raises the question of why the Soviet studies of the New Testament literature were not integrated in the international debate, in particular, in the «Quest for the historical Jesus.» Aside from the obvious factors such as total indoctrination of science and the difficulty of international contacts, it is hypothesized that the crucial diffi culty in the development of Soviet Biblical Studies was in excessive use of sociological research methods of the New Testament, to the detriment of philological criticism of the Biblical text

Jesus, religious studies, Soviet, history, New Testament, mythological school, Bible studies, history of religion, Marxism, early Christianity

1. Bogoraz V. G. Hristianstvo v svete jetnografii (Christianity in Light of Ethnography), Moscow, 2011.
2. Garadzha V. I. Religiovedenie (Religion Studies), Moscow, 1995.
3. Ljozov S. V. Popytka ponimanija. Izbrannye raboty (Attempt of Understanding. Selected Works), Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, 1999.
4. Men' A., prot. Syn chelovecheskij (Son of Man), Brussel, 1981.
5. Trofimova Z. P. 2006 “Mifologicheskaja i istoricheskaja shkoly v religiovedenii” (Mythological and Historical Schools in Religion Studies), in Religiovedenie: Jenciklopedicheskij slovar', Moscow, 2006, pp. 645.

Andreev Aleksei, priest

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of ideas of Dr. Martha Anatolievna Popova, a famous Soviet specialist in religious studies. Through this analysis, we demonstrate that her theoretical ideas in a sense sum up other studies of Soviet researchers in this field. In the article we show that the goals and lines of investigation defined by Dr. Popova are relevant for contemporary researchers as well, and her theoretical and practical academic heritage related to the understanding of foreign studies in the fi eld is very important today. Dr. Popova’s studies on the history of Western psychology of religion are especially interesting because of her analysis of English and American works on psychology of religion and psychoanalytical theories of religion and culture. In the course of our study of Dr. Popova’s ideas, we found out that in her works she defi ned four general aspects of psychology of religion that are closely related to each other. The first of these aspects is the study of psychology of an individual believer, the study of particular groups and the development of methodology related to it. The second aspect is the specification and precise definition of the fundamental terms and concepts of Psychology of Religion. The third aspect is the practical application of results achieved during the first and second stages. These three problems cannot be solved without study of the theoretical ideas of previous researchers in the field of psychology of religion, or, to put it in other words, without the study of the history of psychology of religion, which is the fourth aspect of research in psychology of religion. In the article, we analyze the ideas of Dr. Popova using her works that are not widely known and this can help us to understand her theoretical ideas deeper than before.

history of the study of religion, psychology of religion, the study of religion in Soviet Union, methodology of the study of religion, M. A. Popova, psychology of religion in USA, faith, religious feeling, psychoanalysis, unconsciousness.

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Damte David