In this article the structure of the services is discussed on the ground of the Greek manuscript Tropologion of 8–9 cc. and Menaia of 9–14 cc., mostly from the libraries of Sinai and Grottaferrata. The research has led to the following fi ndings. The services of the Tropologion of 8–9 cc. were organized by the liturgical order of the chants (στιχηρὰ εἰς Κύριε ἐκέκραξα —κανών — στιχηρὰ εἰς Αἰνεῖτε). Then in the Menaia of 9–11 cc.this structure was changed by another one — genre’s structure (κάθισμα — στιχηρὰ εἰς Κύριε ἐκέκραξα — κανών). In the manuscripts of 12 c. more often you can trace the liturgical order again. This liturgical structure prevailed from 13–14 cc. everywhere on the score of user comfort.

Byzantine hymnography, Tropologion, Menaion

Nikiforova Aleksandra

In this article, the author presents the fi rst publication and study of an ancient Hagiopolite rite of footwashing from a 9th century Greek Tropologion from Egypt, Sin. gr. ΝΕ / ΜΓ 56+5. The rite is typologically close to the rites in the Ancient Iadgari and the Georgian Lectionary, and can be dated to a time before the 7th–8th c. The ceremony was performed on Great Thursday after the Eucharistic synaxis, in the same way in the towns as in monasteries. The kernel of the rite consists of a prokeimenon, Gospel reading from Jn 13, synapte, prayer, and washing of the feet. The rite in this Tropologion diff ered from that in the Georgian witnesses by including the reading of the Gospel (Jn 13: 3–17) after the washing of the feet, rather than before it, as well as by a different hymnographical formulary, performed in a diff erent way, with refrains from psalms 118 and 50. The archaic troparia refl ected the early patristic interpretations of the washing of the feet as purifi cation from sin, receipt of the portion of Christ, and an example of humility. These texts were maintained in the liturgy for only a brief period (in Sin. gr. 734–735, 10thc.; EBE 788, 12th c.; Stavrou 43, A.D. 1122; Vatop. gr. 1488, 13th c.), but the structure of the rite itself (Gospel – synapte – prayer – footwashing), its position after the Eucharistic liturgy, and the infl uence of the ideas of the early Church Fathers has remained until today. The ancient rite was still in use in the 10th c., when new, more complicated rites appeared, with more complicated and refi ned hymnography, composed in the 7th–8th c., and a more strongly pronounced dramatic element, in which not only the footwashing itself was signifi cant, but also the commemoration of the historical event, where each participant played a specifi c role, either of Christ or of one of Apostles.

liturgy of Jerusalem, footwashing rite, new fi nds at St. Catherine’s monastery, tropologion

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Nikiforova Alexandra
Academic Degree: Candidate of Sciences* in Philology;
Academic Rank: Senior Research Fellow;
Place of work: St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University for the Humanities; 6/1 Likhov pereulok, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation;
ORCID: 0000-0001-8453-7179;
Email: sashunja@yandex.ru. *According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Cand.Sc.) belongs to ISCED level 8 — "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar.