In the description of the structure of his universe Spinoza employs diff erent approaches or strategies considering them as a kind of world building scenarios. Causal scenario is based on the principle of sufficient reason. Metaphysical script deals with the basic categories of his «Ethics» — substance, attributes, modes. Geometric scenario is founded on axiomatic method and is tied with the idea of nature. We can talk of using them mainly in naturalistic sense as much as Spinoza believed that nature speaks primarily in terms of geometry. The author of the present study proves that Spinoza failed to accomplish the mentioned naturalistic program. As it turned out, Spinoza’s God (the living God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob), having the highest authority in the implementation of the principle of naturalism, often actually abolishes it. God in Spinoza’s system is not identical to any of the natural bases of the world order, and at the same time He is able to supply the limitations of the nature’s power by His force (vis et potentia Dei). Hence, along with the named geometric, causal and metaphysical scenarios of world’s structure, Spinoza suggests another, theological and religious script regarding it as the most important for his world outlook.

Spinoza, world building scenarios (causal, metaphysical, geometric, theological and religious), philosophical naturalism; the living God; God’s force.

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A. V. Appolonov’s article “On the Concepts of “the Secular” and “Religion” of Benedict de Spinoza in the Context of John Milbank’s Hypothesis of the “Construction” of the Secular” is of a polemic character, which gives it a special acuity. At the same time, the author of the article does not fully recognise the presence in Spinoza’s works of a conscious desire to form secular ideas. The idea of autonomy of natural law from the Divine subject had been invented long before Hugo Grotius, but it was Spinoza who made it clearly expressed in the formula Deus sive Natura. One can argue about a naturalisation of the image of God in Spinoza’s reasoning, which was destructive for the orthodox Christian theology. It is probable that the process of secularisation, or deconsecration, of the Christian worldview in the European Enlightenment of the 17th century to a considerable extent originates from the naturalisation of divine functions or prerogatives, in particular from the mathematisation of God’s creative potencies when shaping the world. However, Spinoza admits, alongside the predominantly naturalistic (geometrical and causal) scenario, two more scenarios, i.e. theologicalreligious and metaphysical. Though Spinoza argues about the “sacralisation of the supreme power”, is it not possible to see in this process the objective realisation of a certain secular programme, part of which is the state as a secular institution? In order to consider universum from a naturalistic viewpoint, it is not necessary to see God having withdrawn from it; another thing is even more dangerous for the Christian idea of God, namely to be God oneself, being totally immersed in the world that is governed by natural laws. As for the scholastic formula etsi Deus non daretur, it can hardly be regarded as a mere example of a “mental experiment”.

Spinoza’s works, secular ideas, natural law, naturalisation, Deus sive Natura, image of God, 17th-century Enlightenment, sacralisation of supreme power, etsi Deus non daretur, mental experiment

1. Appolonov A. (2018) ““Etsi Deus non daretur” (“Kak esli by Boga ne bylo”): Gugo Grotsiy i skholasticheskaya teologiya” [“‘Etsi Deus non daretur’ (‘As if God did not Exist’). Hugo Grotius and Scholastic Theology”]. Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. Seriya I: Bogosloviye. Filosofiya, 77, pp. 63‒71 (in Russian).
2. Feuer L. S. (2017) Spinoza and the Rise of Liberalism. Routledge.
3. Gadzhikurbanov A. (2014) Etika Spinozy kak metafi zika morali [Spinoza’s Ethics as Metaphysics of Morality]. Moscow (in Russian).
4. Garadzha V. (2000) “Sekuliarizm” [“Secularism”], in Novaya filosofskaia enciklopediia, vol. 3. Moscow, pp. 512‒513 (in Russian).
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7. Nadler S. (2011) A Book Forged in Hell. Spinoza’s Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age. Princeton.
8. Smith D. E. (1967) India as a Secular State. Princeton University Press.
9. Spinoza B. (1999) Works in Two Volumes. St Petersburg (Russian translation).
10. Terence I. (2008) The Development of Ethics. A Historical and Critical Study. Vol. I: From Socrates to the Reformation. Oxford.

Gadzhikurbanov Aslan
Academic Degree: Doctor of Sciences* in Philosophy;
Academic Degree: Doctor of Sciences* in Philosophy;
Academic Rank: Associate Professor;
Place of work: Lomonosov Moscow State University; Shuvalovskiy korpus, Leniniskie gory, Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow, 119991, GSP-1;
Post: Associate Professor;
ORCID: 0000-0003-2398-0008;
Email: gadzhikurbanov@yandex.ru. *According to ISCED 2011, a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences (D.Sc.) is given to reflect second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates.